The first search for scalar-induced gravitational waves via pulsar parameter drifts yields f_PBH < 10^{-10} (95% CL) for PBH masses 0.3 to 4e4 solar masses, strongly disfavoring a primordial black hole origin for LVK binary black holes.
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The cosmological gravitational wave background from primordial density perturbations
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abstract
We discuss the gravitational wave background generated by primordial density perturbations evolving during the radiation era. At second-order in a perturbative expansion, density fluctuations produce gravitational waves. We calculate the power spectra of gravitational waves from this mechanism, and show that, in principle, future gravitational wave detectors could be used to constrain the primordial power spectrum on scales vastly different from those currently being probed by large-scale structure. As examples we compute the gravitational wave background generated by both a power-law spectrum on all scales, and a delta-function power spectrum on a single scale.
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UNVERDICTED 31representative citing papers
PBH dark matter spans all naturalness tiers, with some mechanisms as natural as WIMPs or freeze-in particles, determined by abundance map structure rather than candidate type.
A new lattice method recasts SIGW integrals as FFT convolutions to compute fully non-Gaussian spectra in seconds with ~10% error on a radiation-dominated background.
Accounting for the minimal mass spread of primordial black holes from gravitational collapse suppresses the Poltergeist GW background to the level of generic scalar-induced signals and reopens ultra-light PBH parameter space.
The work shows that free-streaming dark radiation isocurvature produces a qualitatively different gravitational wave spectrum than cold dark matter isocurvature and derives constraints on isocurvature power spectra around 10^6 Mpc^{-1} from NANOGrav data.
Lattice simulations directly calculate SIGW spectra with non-Gaussianity to all orders and show that modest non-Gaussianity alters ultraviolet spectral behavior.
Dissipation of small-scale primordial perturbations after neutrino decoupling cools relic neutrinos and reduces their abundance, enabling PTOLEMY to constrain the primordial curvature power spectrum to O(0.1) on scales k ≲ 3×10^5 Mpc^{-1}.
A master screening equation is derived for luminal Horndeski gravity that recovers Vainshtein and Chameleon mechanisms and introduces Phaedrus screening with screening radius scaling linearly with source mass.
A quenched-disorder approach with Schwinger-Keldysh path integrals produces an averaged density matrix for gravitational waves that separates phase-suppressing exponential terms from oscillatory corrections to coherent propagation.
Periodic warm inflation imprints one log-periodic feature on the curvature spectrum that saturates asteroid-mass PBHs, generates dual-band GW backgrounds, and offsets the bispectrum phase by a quarter cycle fixed by spectral running.
Curvaton self-interactions in non-quadratic potentials produce a local non-Gaussian map that enables supermassive primordial black hole formation at peak amplitudes of order 10^{-5} while remaining consistent with μ-distortion bounds.
Residual anomalous coherence in scalar perturbations imprints on scalar-induced tensor modes, producing a correlated gravitational-wave background with nontrivial covariance and phase structure instead of a simple spectral shift.
Scalar-induced tensor modes inherit anomalous coherence from a decohered two-mode Gaussian scalar state, generating nonzero tensor discord and connected power covariance as probes of primordial quantum memory.
Reheating is formulated as a regularized variational problem in equation-of-state space whose extremal histories are selected by different cosmological observables.
Incorporating the general-relativity mass tail df_PBH/d ln M ∝ M^3.78 smooths PBH evaporation, suppresses the scalar-induced GW signal by orders of magnitude, and reopens the ultra-light PBH window for the hot Big Bang.
Extends diagrammatic approach for scalar-induced gravitational waves to arbitrary-order local PNG, deriving semi-analytic spectra for energy density, anisotropies, bispectrum and trispectrum up to quartic terms.
Covariant analysis of curvature perturbations from first-order phase transitions reveals gauge-dependent overestimation of primordial black holes and gravitational waves in prior non-covariant calculations, leading to strong suppression of both signals.
Domain wall annihilation imprints a two-peaked spectrum on induced gravitational waves via an early matter-dominated phase and entropy dilution.
A phenomenological dipole anisotropy in primordial perturbations induces dipolar and quadrupolar anisotropies in SIGW energy density spectra, producing frequency-dependent PTA overlap reduction functions that depend on pulsar sky distribution, but NANOGrav 15-year data yields no significant evidence
Derives stochastic equations from Schwinger-Keldysh formalism that include quantum diffusion and classical metric perturbations for non-perturbative ultra-slow-roll inflation, validated on Starobinsky and critical Higgs models.
Black hole populations with finite-width mass distributions exhibit universal late-time evaporation-driven evolution that produces characteristic power-law suppression of induced gravitational waves, directly linking the asymptotic GW spectrum to the evaporation law.
Classical part of 1-loop tensor power spectrum in de Sitter is IR divergent but cancels with vacuum part, enabling non-perturbative renormalization to extract unaffected physical information.
A spectator scalar in modulated reheating with large Higgs-like couplings generates detectable scalar-induced stochastic gravitational waves for BBO and DECIGO, but only outside perturbative low-energy extrapolations.
Sound shell collisions from Hubble-scale primordial density perturbations generate a stochastic GW background whose peak frequency and amplitude scale with the Hubble horizon and shell abundance.
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Gravitational Waves from Black Hole Reheating: The Scalar-Induced Component
Accounting for the minimal mass spread of primordial black holes from gravitational collapse suppresses the Poltergeist GW background to the level of generic scalar-induced signals and reopens ultra-light PBH parameter space.