HiPRAG adds hierarchical process rewards to RL training for agentic RAG, reducing over-search to 2.3% and achieving 65.4-67.2% accuracy on seven QA benchmarks across 3B and 7B models.
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abstract
Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) improves final-answer accuracy on reasoning tasks, but it does not reliably improve reasoning quality. Because outcome rewards only assess final answers, they also reward spurious successes: flawed reasoning can still receive maximal reward when it accidentally reaches the correct outcome. This outcome reward hacking creates biased gradients, making current RLVR insufficient for learning faithful reasoning. Process Reward Models (PRMs) provide step-wise supervision, but directly optimizing PRMs or naively combining them with outcome rewards is unstable under distribution shift during RL training process. We introduce PRocess cOnsistency Filter (PROF), a data curation method that uses PRM--ORM consistency for sample selection rather than direct reward optimization. PROF keeps correct responses with strong process support and incorrect responses with weak process support while maintaining a balanced training ratio. Experiments show that PROF consistently improves both final-answer accuracy and intermediate reasoning quality over strong baselines, with less dependence on strong PRMs.
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UNVERDICTED 7representative citing papers
PASS middleware independently standardizes process/outcome/format streams, derives value-homogeneous chunks, and converts cumulative returns to average value density, yielding consistent pass@1 gains over GRPO baselines in two domains and two signal paradigms.
DGPO is a critic-free RL framework that uses bounded Hellinger distance and entropy-gated advantage redistribution to enable fine-grained token-level credit assignment in long CoT generations for LLM alignment, reporting SOTA results on AIME benchmarks.
TrOPD stabilizes on-policy distillation for LLMs with trust-region learning, outlier estimation, and off-policy guidance, outperforming prior OPD methods on reasoning and code benchmarks.
The paper introduces the Proxy Compression Hypothesis as a unifying framework explaining reward hacking in RLHF as an emergent result of compressing high-dimensional human objectives into proxy reward signals under optimization pressure.
PubSwap uses a small public dataset for selective off-policy response swapping in federated RLVR to improve coordination and performance over standard baselines on math and medical reasoning tasks.
PROGRS uses outcome-conditioned centering on PRM scores to safely integrate process rewards into GRPO for improved Pass@1 on math benchmarks.
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Reward Hacking in the Era of Large Models: Mechanisms, Emergent Misalignment, Challenges
The paper introduces the Proxy Compression Hypothesis as a unifying framework explaining reward hacking in RLHF as an emergent result of compressing high-dimensional human objectives into proxy reward signals under optimization pressure.