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Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Network

Canonical reference. 79% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.

646 Pith papers citing it
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abstract

A very simple way to improve the performance of almost any machine learning algorithm is to train many different models on the same data and then to average their predictions. Unfortunately, making predictions using a whole ensemble of models is cumbersome and may be too computationally expensive to allow deployment to a large number of users, especially if the individual models are large neural nets. Caruana and his collaborators have shown that it is possible to compress the knowledge in an ensemble into a single model which is much easier to deploy and we develop this approach further using a different compression technique. We achieve some surprising results on MNIST and we show that we can significantly improve the acoustic model of a heavily used commercial system by distilling the knowledge in an ensemble of models into a single model. We also introduce a new type of ensemble composed of one or more full models and many specialist models which learn to distinguish fine-grained classes that the full models confuse. Unlike a mixture of experts, these specialist models can be trained rapidly and in parallel.

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  • abstract A very simple way to improve the performance of almost any machine learning algorithm is to train many different models on the same data and then to average their predictions. Unfortunately, making predictions using a whole ensemble of models is cumbersome and may be too computationally expensive to allow deployment to a large number of users, especially if the individual models are large neural nets. Caruana and his collaborators have shown that it is possible to compress the knowledge in an ensemble into a single model which is much easier to deploy and we develop this approach further using

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Proofs of Ownership for Machine Learning Models

cs.LG · 2026-06-29 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0

A formal game-based study establishes that black-box proofs of ownership for ML classifiers are possible precisely when the concept class is not self-correctable.

Language Models are Few-Shot Learners

cs.CL · 2020-05-28 · accept · novelty 8.0

GPT-3 shows that scaling an autoregressive language model to 175 billion parameters enables strong few-shot performance across diverse NLP tasks via in-context prompting without fine-tuning.

TallyTrain: Communication-Efficient Federated Distillation

cs.LG · 2026-06-30 · unverdicted · novelty 7.0

TallyTrain is a hard-label distillation protocol for federated learning that uses argmax transmission and optional sparse merges to match soft-label performance at up to 1000x lower communication cost.

Learning 1-Bit LiDAR-based Localization with Auxiliary Objective

cs.CV · 2026-06-26 · unverdicted · novelty 7.0

BiLoc is the first binary neural network framework for 6-DoF LiDAR pose estimation that uses an auxiliary objective to adaptively regulate information retention and achieve SOTA among BNNs on large outdoor datasets.

Towards Tight Bounds for Streaming Attention

cs.DS · 2026-06-05 · unverdicted · novelty 7.0

The paper closes the gap between upper and lower bounds on space for streaming attention approximation by combining discrepancy, polynomial, and partitioning techniques for algorithms and a new INDEX-based lower bound method.

OPRD: On-Policy Representation Distillation

cs.LG · 2026-06-04 · unverdicted · novelty 7.0

OPRD performs distillation in hidden-state space on on-policy data for deterministic gradients and better math benchmark performance, plus OPRD-Bridge for cross-architecture transfer via low-rank projectors.

RogueMerge: Robust and Unified Attacks against LLM Model Merging

cs.CR · 2026-06-02 · unverdicted · novelty 7.0

RogueMerge is a unified attack method that jointly optimizes task vectors to succeed after merging, using stochastic min-max simulation for unknown merging settings and a Taylor-approximated DRO for prompt generalization on generative LLMs.

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