DART routes zero-shot video temporal grounding queries by difficulty using DPP entropy, achieving up to 3.5 mIoU gains with 7x fewer frames on Charades-STA and ActivityNet Captions.
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Time-R1: Post-Training Large Vision Language Model for Temporal Video Grounding
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abstract
Temporal Video Grounding (TVG), the task of locating specific video segments based on language queries, is a core challenge in long-form video understanding. While recent Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have shown early promise in tackling TVG through supervised fine-tuning (SFT), their abilities to generalize remain limited. To address this, we propose a novel post-training framework that enhances the generalization capabilities of LVLMs via reinforcement learning (RL). Specifically, our contributions span three key directions: (1) Time-R1: we introduce a reasoning-guided post-training framework via RL with verifiable reward to enhance the capabilities of LVLMs on the TVG task. (2) TimeRFT: we explore data-efficient post-training strategies on our curated RL-friendly dataset, which trains the model to progressively comprehend difficult samples, leading to better generalization. (3) TVGBench: we carefully construct a small yet comprehensive benchmark for LVLM evaluation, assessing 11 types of queries and featuring balanced distributions across both videos and queries. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Time-R1 achieves state-of-the-art performance across multiple downstream datasets using only 2.5K training data, while improving its general video understanding capabilities.
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NEST is a new benchmark dataset for narrative event structures in long videos, with baselines reporting ETD below 8%, EL under 6%, EAE below 11%, and ERE at 35-44% F1.
Introduces OMTG benchmark with C-Acc and EtF1 metrics, a 56k dataset, and caption/temporal rewards, reaching 43.65% EtF1 SOTA on the new bench.
CaST-Bench creates a benchmark with causal-chain annotations and novel metrics showing that current VLMs struggle to construct precise grounded causal chains in video QA.
A proposer-solver agent pair achieves supervised-level video temporal grounding and fine-grained captioning from 2.5K unlabeled videos via self-reinforcing evolution.
OmniVTG creates a new large-scale open-world VTG dataset using iterative concept-gap filling and timestamped captioning, paired with a three-stage self-correction CoT paradigm that yields SOTA zero-shot results on four existing benchmarks.
SportsTime benchmark and CoTR method improve multimodal AI's temporal compositional reasoning and evidence grounding in long-form sports videos.
CamReasoner uses structured O-T-A reasoning and RL on 56k samples to lift camera movement classification from 73.8% to 78.4% and VQA from 60.9% to 74.5% on Qwen2.5-VL-7B.
VideoP2R separates perception and reasoning in a process-aware RFT pipeline with a new CoT dataset and PA-GRPO rewards, reaching SOTA on six of seven video benchmarks.
Video-Holmes benchmark shows top MLLMs achieve at most 45% accuracy on tasks needing integration of multiple clues from suspense films, unlike existing perception-focused tests.
MLLMs know event timing during prefill via sparse Temporal Grounding Heads but lose it in autoregressive decoding; restricting visual context to the high-attention interval at inference time improves VTG performance on three benchmarks.
EvoVid proposes a temporal-centric self-evolution framework for Video-LLMs that uses temporal-aware Questioner and temporal-grounded Solver rewards to improve performance directly from unannotated videos.
ParaVT introduces the first multi-agent RL framework for parallel video tool calling in LMMs, using PARA-GRPO to resolve the Tool Prior Paradox and achieve +7.9% average improvement over Qwen3-VL baseline across six benchmarks.
VideoSeeker integrates agentic reasoning and visual prompts into LVLMs via automated data synthesis, cold-start supervision, and RL training, yielding +13.7% gains on instance-level video tasks over baselines including GPT-4o.
Video-Zero is an annotation-free Questioner-Solver co-evolution framework that centers self-evolution on temporally localized evidence to improve video VLMs.
CoPD integrates multiple expert capabilities by running parallel RLVR training with bidirectional online policy distillation among experts, outperforming mixed RLVR and sequential OPD while surpassing domain-specific experts on text-image-video reasoning.
Video-ToC adds tree-guided cue localization, demand-based RL rewards, and automated datasets to video LLMs, reporting better results than prior methods on six understanding benchmarks plus a hallucination test.
STRIVE stabilizes RL for video QA by creating spatiotemporal video variants and using importance-aware sampling, yielding consistent gains over baselines on six benchmarks.
GraphThinker reduces temporal hallucinations in video reasoning by constructing event-based scene graphs and applying visual attention rewards in reinforcement finetuning.
AdaTooler-V trains MLLMs to adaptively use vision tools via AT-GRPO reinforcement learning and new datasets, reaching 89.8% on V* and outperforming GPT-4o.
LongVT adds native video-cropping tool calling to LMMs for interleaved multimodal chain-of-tool-thought reasoning on long videos and releases VideoSIAH data for training and evaluation.
REVISOR adds multimodal visual-text reflection and a Dual Attribution Decoupled Reward to improve long-form video reasoning in MLLMs without extra supervised fine-tuning.
MUSEG applies timestamp-aware multi-segment grounding with a phased-reward RL recipe to boost temporal grounding and time-sensitive video QA performance in MLLMs.
VISD proposes structured self-distillation with a multi-dimensional judge model and direction-magnitude decoupling to improve token-level credit assignment and convergence speed in VideoLLM reasoning training.
citing papers explorer
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DART: Difficulty-Adaptive Routing for Zero-Shot Video Temporal Grounding
DART routes zero-shot video temporal grounding queries by difficulty using DPP entropy, achieving up to 3.5 mIoU gains with 7x fewer frames on Charades-STA and ActivityNet Captions.
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NEST: Narrative Event Structures in Time for Long Video Understanding
NEST is a new benchmark dataset for narrative event structures in long videos, with baselines reporting ETD below 8%, EL under 6%, EAE below 11%, and ERE at 35-44% F1.
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Towards One-to-Many Temporal Grounding
Introduces OMTG benchmark with C-Acc and EtF1 metrics, a 56k dataset, and caption/temporal rewards, reaching 43.65% EtF1 SOTA on the new bench.
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CaST-Bench: Benchmarking Causal Chain-Grounded Spatio-Temporal Reasoning for Video Question Answering
CaST-Bench creates a benchmark with causal-chain annotations and novel metrics showing that current VLMs struggle to construct precise grounded causal chains in video QA.
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EvoGround: Self-Evolving Video Agents for Video Temporal Grounding
A proposer-solver agent pair achieves supervised-level video temporal grounding and fine-grained captioning from 2.5K unlabeled videos via self-reinforcing evolution.
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OmniVTG: A Large-Scale Dataset and Training Paradigm for Open-World Video Temporal Grounding
OmniVTG creates a new large-scale open-world VTG dataset using iterative concept-gap filling and timestamped captioning, paired with a three-stage self-correction CoT paradigm that yields SOTA zero-shot results on four existing benchmarks.
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Towards Temporal Compositional Reasoning in Long-Form Sports Videos
SportsTime benchmark and CoTR method improve multimodal AI's temporal compositional reasoning and evidence grounding in long-form sports videos.
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CamReasoner: Reinforcing Camera Movement Understanding via Structured Spatial Reasoning
CamReasoner uses structured O-T-A reasoning and RL on 56k samples to lift camera movement classification from 73.8% to 78.4% and VQA from 60.9% to 74.5% on Qwen2.5-VL-7B.
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VIDEOP2R: Video Understanding from Perception to Reasoning
VideoP2R separates perception and reasoning in a process-aware RFT pipeline with a new CoT dataset and PA-GRPO rewards, reaching SOTA on six of seven video benchmarks.
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Video-Holmes: Can MLLM Think Like Holmes for Complex Video Reasoning?
Video-Holmes benchmark shows top MLLMs achieve at most 45% accuracy on tasks needing integration of multiple clues from suspense films, unlike existing perception-focused tests.
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MLLMs Know When Before Speaking: Revealing and Recovering Temporal Grounding via Attention Cues
MLLMs know event timing during prefill via sparse Temporal Grounding Heads but lose it in autoregressive decoding; restricting visual context to the high-attention interval at inference time improves VTG performance on three benchmarks.
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EvoVid: Temporal-Centric Self-Evolution for Video Large Language Models
EvoVid proposes a temporal-centric self-evolution framework for Video-LLMs that uses temporal-aware Questioner and temporal-grounded Solver rewards to improve performance directly from unannotated videos.
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ParaVT: Taming the Tool Prior Paradox for Parallel Tool Use in Agentic Video Reinforcement Learning
ParaVT introduces the first multi-agent RL framework for parallel video tool calling in LMMs, using PARA-GRPO to resolve the Tool Prior Paradox and achieve +7.9% average improvement over Qwen3-VL baseline across six benchmarks.
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VideoSeeker: Incentivizing Instance-level Video Understanding via Native Agentic Tool Invocation
VideoSeeker integrates agentic reasoning and visual prompts into LVLMs via automated data synthesis, cold-start supervision, and RL training, yielding +13.7% gains on instance-level video tasks over baselines including GPT-4o.
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Video-Zero: Self-Evolution Video Understanding
Video-Zero is an annotation-free Questioner-Solver co-evolution framework that centers self-evolution on temporally localized evidence to improve video VLMs.
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Co-Evolving Policy Distillation
CoPD integrates multiple expert capabilities by running parallel RLVR training with bidirectional online policy distillation among experts, outperforming mixed RLVR and sequential OPD while surpassing domain-specific experts on text-image-video reasoning.
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Video-ToC: Video Tree-of-Cue Reasoning
Video-ToC adds tree-guided cue localization, demand-based RL rewards, and automated datasets to video LLMs, reporting better results than prior methods on six understanding benchmarks plus a hallucination test.
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STRIVE: Structured Spatiotemporal Exploration for Reinforcement Learning in Video Question Answering
STRIVE stabilizes RL for video QA by creating spatiotemporal video variants and using importance-aware sampling, yielding consistent gains over baselines on six benchmarks.
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GraphThinker: Reinforcing Temporally Grounded Video Reasoning with Event Graph Thinking
GraphThinker reduces temporal hallucinations in video reasoning by constructing event-based scene graphs and applying visual attention rewards in reinforcement finetuning.
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AdaTooler-V: Adaptive Tool-Use for Images and Videos
AdaTooler-V trains MLLMs to adaptively use vision tools via AT-GRPO reinforcement learning and new datasets, reaching 89.8% on V* and outperforming GPT-4o.
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LongVT: Incentivizing "Thinking with Long Videos" via Native Tool Calling
LongVT adds native video-cropping tool calling to LMMs for interleaved multimodal chain-of-tool-thought reasoning on long videos and releases VideoSIAH data for training and evaluation.
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REVISOR: Beyond Textual Reflection, Towards Multimodal Introspective Reasoning in Long-Form Video Understanding
REVISOR adds multimodal visual-text reflection and a Dual Attribution Decoupled Reward to improve long-form video reasoning in MLLMs without extra supervised fine-tuning.
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MUSEG: Reinforcing Video Temporal Understanding via Timestamp-Aware Multi-Segment Grounding
MUSEG applies timestamp-aware multi-segment grounding with a phased-reward RL recipe to boost temporal grounding and time-sensitive video QA performance in MLLMs.
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VISD: Enhancing Video Reasoning via Structured Self-Distillation
VISD proposes structured self-distillation with a multi-dimensional judge model and direction-magnitude decoupling to improve token-level credit assignment and convergence speed in VideoLLM reasoning training.
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Towards Fine-grained Temporal Perception: Post-Training Large Audio-Language Models with Audio-Side Time Prompt
TimePro-RL interleaves timestamp embeddings in audio sequences and applies RL post-SFT to boost temporal alignment in LALMs, yielding gains on grounding, event detection, and dense captioning.
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TempR1: Improving Temporal Understanding of MLLMs via Temporal-Aware Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning
TempR1 applies temporal-aware multi-task RL using GRPO and three types of localization rewards to achieve SOTA temporal understanding in MLLMs with synergistic gains from joint optimization.
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OneThinker: All-in-one Reasoning Model for Image and Video
OneThinker unifies image and video reasoning in one model across 10 tasks via a 600k corpus, CoT-annotated SFT, and EMA-GRPO reinforcement learning, reporting strong results on 31 benchmarks plus some cross-task transfer.
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VideoChat-R1: Enhancing Spatio-Temporal Perception via Reinforcement Fine-Tuning
Reinforcement fine-tuning with temporal rewards produces VideoChat-R1, a video MLLM showing large gains on spatio-temporal perception benchmarks such as +31.8 temporal grounding and +31.2 object tracking.
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Watch, Remember, Reason: Human-View Video Understanding with MLLMs
This is a survey that frames video MLLM research via a human-view formulation of perceptual representations, memory states, reasoning traces, and predictions, then reviews methods, datasets, benchmarks, and open problems.
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RCoT-Seg: Reinforced Chain-of-Thought for Video Reasoning and Segmentation
RCoT-Seg uses GRPO-reinforced keyframe selection from a CoT-start corpus followed by SAM2 mask propagation to improve video object segmentation under implicit temporal instructions over prior MLLM sampling methods.
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Improving the Reasoning of Multi-Image Grounding in MLLMs via Reinforcement Learning
A pipeline of chain-of-thought data synthesis, LoRA-based supervised fine-tuning, rejection sampling, and rule-based reinforcement learning raises multi-image grounding accuracy by 9.04% on MIG-Bench and 4.41% on average across seven other benchmarks.
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APRVOS: 1st Place Winner of 5th PVUW MeViS-Audio Track
A staged pipeline using ASR transcription, visual existence verification, Sa2VA coarse segmentation, and agent-guided SAM3 refinement won first place in the PVUW MeViS-Audio track by decomposing audio-conditioned Ref-VOS into sequential verification and refinement steps.
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AgentRVOS for MeViS-Text Track of 5th PVUW Challenge: 3rd Method
An agent-augmented Sa2VA pipeline for referring video object segmentation placed third in the MeViS-Text track of the 5th PVUW Challenge by adding verification, search, and refinement stages.
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From System 1 to System 2: A Survey of Reasoning Large Language Models
The survey organizes the shift of LLMs toward deliberate System 2 reasoning, covering model construction techniques, performance on math and coding benchmarks, and future research directions.
- Multimodal Large Language Model-Enabled Video Translation: A Role-Oriented Survey