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arxiv: 2409.02813 · v3 · submitted 2024-09-04 · 💻 cs.CL · cs.CV

Recognition: no theorem link

MMMU-Pro: A More Robust Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding Benchmark

Xiang Yue , Tianyu Zheng , Yuansheng Ni , Yubo Wang , Kai Zhang , Shengbang Tong , Yuxuan Sun , Botao Yu , Ge Zhang , Huan Sun , Yu Su , Wenhu Chen , Graham Neubig

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-14 00:45 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CL cs.CV
keywords MMMU-Promultimodal benchmarkvision-language modelsreasoning capabilitiesOCR promptschain of thoughttext-only filtering
0
0 comments X

The pith

Multimodal models show 17 to 27 percent lower accuracy on MMMU-Pro than on MMMU.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper introduces MMMU-Pro as a stricter test for multimodal AI by removing questions that text-only models can solve, adding more answer choices, and embedding the questions inside images. This forces models to integrate visual and textual information without relying on text shortcuts. Performance drops substantially across models, indicating current systems often bypass true visual understanding. The work also finds that chain-of-thought prompting helps while simple OCR prompts do not. Such a benchmark matters because real-world tasks require seamless seeing and reading together.

Core claim

MMMU-Pro refines the original MMMU benchmark through a three-step process of filtering text-only solvable questions, augmenting options, and introducing a vision-only setting with embedded questions. This results in model performances dropping between 16.8% and 26.9% compared to MMMU, demonstrating that previous evaluations overestimated multimodal capabilities by allowing non-visual shortcuts.

What carries the argument

The MMMU-Pro benchmark, built by filtering out text-answerable questions, expanding multiple choices, and embedding questions in images for vision-only input.

If this is right

  • Multimodal models rely more on text than visual cues in standard benchmarks.
  • Chain of thought reasoning boosts performance on the harder MMMU-Pro.
  • OCR prompts provide little additional benefit.
  • Future multimodal research should prioritize integrated visual-textual reasoning.
  • The benchmark better mimics real-world scenarios requiring simultaneous seeing and reading.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Developers might need to redesign models to handle text embedded in images more effectively.
  • Benchmarks should routinely include vision-only modes to prevent text leakage.
  • The performance gap highlights a need for better training data that mixes visual and textual elements inseparably.

Load-bearing premise

Questions solvable by text-only models truly require no visual understanding, and embedding questions in images tests integration without new biases or confounds.

What would settle it

A model achieving comparable accuracy on MMMU-Pro to MMMU, or maintaining high performance in the vision-only embedded setting without specific training for it, would indicate the robustness claim does not hold.

read the original abstract

This paper introduces MMMU-Pro, a robust version of the Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning (MMMU) benchmark. MMMU-Pro rigorously assesses multimodal models' true understanding and reasoning capabilities through a three-step process based on MMMU: (1) filtering out questions answerable by text-only models, (2) augmenting candidate options, and (3) introducing a vision-only input setting where questions are embedded within images. This setting challenges AI to truly "see" and "read" simultaneously, testing a fundamental human cognitive skill of seamlessly integrating visual and textual information. Results show that model performance is substantially lower on MMMU-Pro than on MMMU, ranging from 16.8% to 26.9% across models. We explore the impact of OCR prompts and Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning, finding that OCR prompts have minimal effect while CoT generally improves performance. MMMU-Pro provides a more rigorous evaluation tool, closely mimicking real-world scenarios and offering valuable directions for future research in multimodal AI.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper introduces MMMU-Pro, a refined version of the MMMU benchmark for multimodal understanding. It applies a three-step process to the original dataset: (1) filtering questions answerable by text-only models, (2) augmenting candidate options, and (3) embedding questions within images to create a vision-only input setting. Experiments across multiple models report performance drops of 16.8% to 26.9% relative to MMMU, with additional analysis showing minimal impact from OCR prompts and general improvement from Chain-of-Thought reasoning. The work positions MMMU-Pro as a more rigorous test of seamless visual-textual integration.

Significance. If the reported performance drops primarily reflect stricter requirements for multimodal reasoning rather than new perceptual confounds, MMMU-Pro would offer a useful, more challenging benchmark that better approximates real-world scenarios requiring integrated vision and language. The empirical construction is straightforward and the consistent drops across models provide a clear signal of current limitations, though the absence of isolating ablations limits the strength of the causal interpretation.

major comments (2)
  1. [three-step process and results] The vision-only embedding step (described in the three-step process and results) is central to the claim that MMMU-Pro better measures true visual-textual integration. However, no ablation is presented that compares model performance on the filtered and augmented questions when text is provided directly versus when it is embedded in images. This leaves open the possibility that the 16.8–26.9% drop arises from vision-encoder difficulties with text legibility, layout, or rendering rather than from the intended reasoning challenge.
  2. [experiments] The observation that OCR prompts have minimal effect (reported in the experiments) does not isolate whether the base visual extraction step itself is the bottleneck, as it tests only explicit prompting rather than the underlying perceptual capability on the embedded images.
minor comments (2)
  1. [methods] Exact criteria and thresholds used for filtering questions answerable by text-only models are not fully detailed, which would aid reproducibility of the exact MMMU-Pro dataset.
  2. [results] Consider adding error bars or statistical tests for the performance differences across models to strengthen the quantitative claims.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback and recommendation for minor revision. We address each major comment point by point below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: The vision-only embedding step (described in the three-step process and results) is central to the claim that MMMU-Pro better measures true visual-textual integration. However, no ablation is presented that compares model performance on the filtered and augmented questions when text is provided directly versus when it is embedded in images. This leaves open the possibility that the 16.8–26.9% drop arises from vision-encoder difficulties with text legibility, layout, or rendering rather than from the intended reasoning challenge.

    Authors: We acknowledge that a direct ablation comparing text-provided versus embedded versions of the filtered and augmented questions would strengthen the causal interpretation. However, our OCR prompt experiments provide relevant evidence: explicitly supplying extracted text from the embedded images yields only minimal gains. This indicates the drop is unlikely to stem primarily from legibility or rendering issues, but rather from the demands of integrated reasoning. We will add an expanded discussion of this evidence and its implications in the revised manuscript. revision: yes

  2. Referee: The observation that OCR prompts have minimal effect (reported in the experiments) does not isolate whether the base visual extraction step itself is the bottleneck, as it tests only explicit prompting rather than the underlying perceptual capability on the embedded images.

    Authors: We agree that OCR prompting does not fully isolate inherent perceptual extraction capabilities independent of prompting. That said, the minimal effect even when text is explicitly provided still highlights that current models struggle with the integrated reasoning task central to MMMU-Pro. This supports the benchmark's utility for evaluating seamless visual-textual integration without requiring further changes to the manuscript. revision: no

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: empirical benchmark construction

full rationale

The paper constructs MMMU-Pro via three explicit steps on the prior MMMU dataset—text-only filtering, option augmentation, and vision-only image embedding—then reports empirical accuracy drops on external models. No equations, parameter fitting, derivations, or self-citations reduce any claim to its own inputs by construction. The performance range (16.8–26.9%) is an observed measurement, not a forced prediction or renamed input. The work is self-contained against external model evaluations and contains no load-bearing self-referential steps.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on domain assumptions about what counts as true multimodal understanding rather than free parameters or new invented entities.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Questions answerable by text-only models do not require visual understanding and can be safely filtered out.
    This premise underpins the first filtering step and is invoked to justify removal of certain questions.
  • domain assumption Embedding questions inside images cleanly tests integrated seeing-and-reading without introducing unrelated biases.
    This underpins the vision-only input setting and the claim that it mimics real-world cognitive skills.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5517 in / 1365 out tokens · 58622 ms · 2026-05-14T00:45:48.228603+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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Forward citations

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