Fréchet Distance optimized as FD-loss in representation space by decoupling population size from batch size improves generator quality, enables one-step generation from multi-step models, and motivates a multi-representation metric FDr^k.
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BLIP3-o: A Family of Fully Open Unified Multimodal Models-Architecture, Training and Dataset
Canonical reference. 71% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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abstract
Unifying image understanding and generation has gained growing attention in recent research on multimodal models. Although design choices for image understanding have been extensively studied, the optimal model architecture and training recipe for a unified framework with image generation remain underexplored. Motivated by the strong potential of autoregressive and diffusion models for high-quality generation and scalability, we conduct a comprehensive study of their use in unified multimodal settings, with emphasis on image representations, modeling objectives, and training strategies. Grounded in these investigations, we introduce a novel approach that employs a diffusion transformer to generate semantically rich CLIP image features, in contrast to conventional VAE-based representations. This design yields both higher training efficiency and improved generative quality. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a sequential pretraining strategy for unified models-first training on image understanding and subsequently on image generation-offers practical advantages by preserving image understanding capability while developing strong image generation ability. Finally, we carefully curate a high-quality instruction-tuning dataset BLIP3o-60k for image generation by prompting GPT-4o with a diverse set of captions covering various scenes, objects, human gestures, and more. Building on our innovative model design, training recipe, and datasets, we develop BLIP3-o, a suite of state-of-the-art unified multimodal models. BLIP3-o achieves superior performance across most of the popular benchmarks spanning both image understanding and generation tasks. To facilitate future research, we fully open-source our models, including code, model weights, training scripts, and pretraining and instruction tuning datasets.
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- abstract Unifying image understanding and generation has gained growing attention in recent research on multimodal models. Although design choices for image understanding have been extensively studied, the optimal model architecture and training recipe for a unified framework with image generation remain underexplored. Motivated by the strong potential of autoregressive and diffusion models for high-quality generation and scalability, we conduct a comprehensive study of their use in unified multimodal settings, with emphasis on image representations, modeling objectives, and training strategies. Ground
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representative citing papers
RankE co-evolves AR policy and decoder via alternating ranking optimization, improving both FID and CLIP scores on LlamaGen-XL and Janus-Pro where policy-only RL degrades FID.
INSET embeds images as native tokens in interleaved instructions, outperforming prior methods on multi-image consistency and text alignment as complexity grows.
UniPath adaptively models coordination-path diversity in unified multimodal models by training a path-conditioned executor and using a lightweight planner for input-dependent selection, improving performance over fixed strategies.
Do-Undo Bench is a new evaluation task and dataset that forces models to simulate forward action effects and then undo them to measure genuine action understanding in image generation.
AIA loss teaches unified multimodal models task-specific cross-modal attention patterns to reduce conflicts between image understanding and generation without architecture decoupling.
XTC-Bench reveals that strong performance on generation or understanding tasks in unified multimodal models does not guarantee cross-task semantic consistency, which instead depends on how tightly coupled the learning objectives are across modalities.
Fine-tuning multimodal models on a new synthetic spatial benchmark improves generative spatial compliance on real and synthetic tasks and transfers to better spatial understanding.
Unified multimodal models exhibit pseudo-unification due to modality-asymmetric entropy encoding and pattern-split responses between text and image generation.
Lance presents a dual-stream mixture-of-experts model with modality-aware positional encoding and staged multi-task training that outperforms prior open-source unified models on image and video generation while keeping strong understanding performance.
RAE v2 reaches gFID 1.06 on ImageNet-256 in 80 epochs by combining multi-layer encoder sums, complementary REPA targets, and free guidance via output reparameterization.
LatentUMM proposes dual latent alignment at modality and capacity levels plus latent dynamics stabilization to reduce semantic drift and improve consistency in unified multimodal models.
RaPD enables resolution-agnostic image generation by diffusing in a semantics-enriched continuous Neural Image Field latent space using semantic guidance and a coordinate-queried attention renderer.
A unified visual conditioning approach fuses semantic and appearance features before VLM processing, with two-stage training and slot-wise regularization, to improve consistency in multi-reference image generation.
A pixel-space Diffusion Transformer with Unified Transformer architecture unifies image generation, editing, and personalization in an end-to-end model that maps all inputs to a shared token space and scales from 8B to over 200B parameters.
Auto-Rubric as Reward externalizes VLM preferences into structured rubrics and applies Rubric Policy Optimization to create more reliable binary rewards for multimodal generation, outperforming pairwise models on text-to-image and editing benchmarks.
Refinement via Regeneration (RvR) reformulates image refinement in unified multimodal models as conditional regeneration using prompt and semantic tokens from the initial image, yielding higher alignment scores than editing-based methods.
Tuna-2 shows that direct pixel embeddings can replace vision encoders in unified multimodal models, achieving competitive generation and stronger understanding at scale.
TorchUMM is the first unified codebase and benchmark suite for multimodal understanding, generation, and editing across varied UMM models and datasets.
PixelGen augments pixel diffusion with gated perceptual supervision to reach FID 5.11 on ImageNet-256 and GenEval 0.79 in text-to-image, narrowing the gap to latent methods without VAEs.
InfoTok uses mutual information constraints to regularize shared visual tokenization in unified MLLMs, improving both understanding and generation performance without extra training data.
Mull-Tokens are modality-agnostic latent tokens that enable free-form multimodal thinking and deliver up to 16% gains on spatial reasoning benchmarks.
DeCo decouples high- and low-frequency generation in pixel diffusion via a DiT plus lightweight decoder and a frequency-aware flow-matching loss, reaching FID 1.62 at 256x256 and 2.22 at 512x512 on ImageNet while closing the gap to latent diffusion methods.
Emu3.5 is a native multimodal world model pre-trained on over 10 trillion vision-language tokens with next-token prediction, post-trained via reinforcement learning, and accelerated by Discrete Diffusion Adaptation for efficient interleaved generation and world exploration.
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