Fréchet Distance optimized as FD-loss in representation space by decoupling population size from batch size improves generator quality, enables one-step generation from multi-step models, and motivates a multi-representation metric FDr^k.
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BLIP3-o: A Family of Fully Open Unified Multimodal Models-Architecture, Training and Dataset
34 Pith papers cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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abstract
Unifying image understanding and generation has gained growing attention in recent research on multimodal models. Although design choices for image understanding have been extensively studied, the optimal model architecture and training recipe for a unified framework with image generation remain underexplored. Motivated by the strong potential of autoregressive and diffusion models for high-quality generation and scalability, we conduct a comprehensive study of their use in unified multimodal settings, with emphasis on image representations, modeling objectives, and training strategies. Grounded in these investigations, we introduce a novel approach that employs a diffusion transformer to generate semantically rich CLIP image features, in contrast to conventional VAE-based representations. This design yields both higher training efficiency and improved generative quality. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a sequential pretraining strategy for unified models-first training on image understanding and subsequently on image generation-offers practical advantages by preserving image understanding capability while developing strong image generation ability. Finally, we carefully curate a high-quality instruction-tuning dataset BLIP3o-60k for image generation by prompting GPT-4o with a diverse set of captions covering various scenes, objects, human gestures, and more. Building on our innovative model design, training recipe, and datasets, we develop BLIP3-o, a suite of state-of-the-art unified multimodal models. BLIP3-o achieves superior performance across most of the popular benchmarks spanning both image understanding and generation tasks. To facilitate future research, we fully open-source our models, including code, model weights, training scripts, and pretraining and instruction tuning datasets.
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- abstract Unifying image understanding and generation has gained growing attention in recent research on multimodal models. Although design choices for image understanding have been extensively studied, the optimal model architecture and training recipe for a unified framework with image generation remain underexplored. Motivated by the strong potential of autoregressive and diffusion models for high-quality generation and scalability, we conduct a comprehensive study of their use in unified multimodal settings, with emphasis on image representations, modeling objectives, and training strategies. Ground
co-cited works
representative citing papers
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XTC-Bench reveals that strong performance on generation or understanding tasks in unified multimodal models does not guarantee cross-task semantic consistency, which instead depends on how tightly coupled the learning objectives are across modalities.
Fine-tuning multimodal models on a new synthetic spatial benchmark improves generative spatial compliance on real and synthetic tasks and transfers to better spatial understanding.
Unified multimodal models exhibit pseudo-unification due to modality-asymmetric entropy encoding and pattern-split responses between text and image generation.
A pixel-space Diffusion Transformer with Unified Transformer architecture unifies image generation, editing, and personalization in an end-to-end model that maps all inputs to a shared token space and scales from 8B to over 200B parameters.
Auto-Rubric as Reward externalizes VLM preferences into structured rubrics and applies Rubric Policy Optimization to create more reliable binary rewards for multimodal generation, outperforming pairwise models on text-to-image and editing benchmarks.
Refinement via Regeneration (RvR) reformulates image refinement in unified multimodal models as conditional regeneration using prompt and semantic tokens from the initial image, yielding higher alignment scores than editing-based methods.
STARFlow2 presents an autoregressive flow-based architecture for unified multimodal text-image generation by interleaving a VLM stream with a TarFlow stream via residual skips and a unified latent space.
Prior-Aligned AutoEncoders shape latent manifolds with spatial coherence, local continuity, and global semantics to improve latent diffusion, achieving SOTA gFID 1.03 on ImageNet 256x256 with up to 13x faster convergence.
MUSE decouples reconstruction and semantic learning in visual tokenization via topological orthogonality, yielding SOTA generation quality and improved semantic performance over its teacher model.
Meta-CoT uses two-level decomposition of editing operations into meta-tasks and a CoT consistency reward to improve granularity and generalization, reporting 15.8% gains across 21 tasks.
By requiring and using highly discriminative LLM text features, the work enables the first effective one-step text-conditioned image generation with MeanFlow.
APEX derives self-adversarial gradients from condition-shifted velocity fields in flow models to achieve high-fidelity one-step generation, outperforming much larger models and multi-step teachers.
A 17B-parameter sparse MoE diffusion transformer activates 2B parameters per pass and reaches competitive quality on image generation benchmarks without post-training.
LMGenDrive unifies LLM-based multimodal understanding with generative world models to output both future driving videos and control signals for end-to-end closed-loop autonomous driving.
Uni-ViGU unifies video generation and understanding by extending a diffusion video generator with unified continuous-discrete flow matching, modality-driven MoE layers, and bidirectional training stages that repurpose generative knowledge for discriminative tasks.
MAR-GRPO stabilizes GRPO for AR-diffusion hybrids via multi-trajectory expectation and uncertainty-based token selection, yielding better visual quality, stability, and spatial understanding than baselines.
SenseNova-U1 presents native unified multimodal models that match top understanding VLMs while delivering strong performance in image generation, infographics, and interleaved tasks via the NEO-unify architecture.
UniWorld-V1 shows that semantic features from large multimodal models enable unified visual understanding and generation, achieving strong results on perception and manipulation tasks with only 2.7 million training samples.
Using understanding tasks as direct supervision during post-training improves image generation and editing in unified multimodal models.
GenLIP pretrains ViTs to generate language tokens from visual tokens via autoregressive language modeling, matching strong baselines on multimodal tasks with less data.
Tuna-2 shows pixel embeddings can replace vision encoders in unified multimodal models, achieving competitive or superior results on understanding and generation benchmarks.
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Refinement via Regeneration: Enlarging Modification Space Boosts Image Refinement in Unified Multimodal Models
Refinement via Regeneration (RvR) reformulates image refinement in unified multimodal models as conditional regeneration using prompt and semantic tokens from the initial image, yielding higher alignment scores than editing-based methods.
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MAR-GRPO: Stabilized GRPO for AR-diffusion Hybrid Image Generation
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UniWorld-V1: High-Resolution Semantic Encoders for Unified Visual Understanding and Generation
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Let ViT Speak: Generative Language-Image Pre-training
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Tuna-2: Pixel Embeddings Beat Vision Encoders for Multimodal Understanding and Generation
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