CacheTrap achieves 100% targeted attack success on five open-source LLMs by using an efficient search to locate and flip a single bit in the KV cache as a transient trigger, while preserving normal accuracy without the trigger.
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Can a Suit of Armor Conduct Electricity? A New Dataset for Open Book Question Answering
Mixed citation behavior. Most common role is background (67%).
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abstract
We present a new kind of question answering dataset, OpenBookQA, modeled after open book exams for assessing human understanding of a subject. The open book that comes with our questions is a set of 1329 elementary level science facts. Roughly 6000 questions probe an understanding of these facts and their application to novel situations. This requires combining an open book fact (e.g., metals conduct electricity) with broad common knowledge (e.g., a suit of armor is made of metal) obtained from other sources. While existing QA datasets over documents or knowledge bases, being generally self-contained, focus on linguistic understanding, OpenBookQA probes a deeper understanding of both the topic---in the context of common knowledge---and the language it is expressed in. Human performance on OpenBookQA is close to 92%, but many state-of-the-art pre-trained QA methods perform surprisingly poorly, worse than several simple neural baselines we develop. Our oracle experiments designed to circumvent the knowledge retrieval bottleneck demonstrate the value of both the open book and additional facts. We leave it as a challenge to solve the retrieval problem in this multi-hop setting and to close the large gap to human performance.
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representative citing papers
GPT-3 shows that scaling an autoregressive language model to 175 billion parameters enables strong few-shot performance across diverse NLP tasks via in-context prompting without fine-tuning.
Visual debiasing of omni-modal benchmarks combined with staged post-training lets a 3B model match or exceed a 30B model without a stronger teacher.
LoopUS converts pretrained LLMs into looped latent refinement models via block decomposition, selective gating, random deep supervision, and confidence-based early exiting to improve reasoning performance.
HybridGen achieves 1.41x-3.2x average speedups over six prior KV cache methods for LLM inference by using attention logit parallelism, a feedback-driven scheduler, and semantic-aware KV cache mapping.
Winner-take-all spiking self-attention replaces softmax in spiking transformers to support language modeling on 16 datasets with spike-driven, energy-efficient architectures.
SCIN uses an in-switch accelerator for direct memory access and 8-bit in-network quantization during All-Reduce, delivering up to 8.7x faster small-message reduction and 1.74x TTFT speedup on LLaMA-2 models.
PathMoE constrains expert paths in MoE models by sharing router parameters across layer blocks, yielding more concentrated paths, better performance on perplexity and tasks, and no need for auxiliary losses.
EvoESAP uses evolutionary search guided by a speculative-decoding-inspired ESAP metric to discover non-uniform layer-wise sparsity allocations for MoE expert pruning, improving generation accuracy up to 19.6% at 50% sparsity.
Deep Delta Learning replaces additive residual updates with a gated delta-rule that selectively overwrites residual content along learned directions, improving language modeling quality over standard ResNet-style accumulation.
Looped language models with latent iterative computation and entropy-regularized depth allocation achieve performance matching up to 12B standard LLMs through superior knowledge manipulation.
An RL agent learns domain re-weighting policies from evaluation feedback to improve balanced performance in continual pre-training of LLMs across source and target domains.
A survey that defines Compound AI Systems, proposes a multi-dimensional taxonomy based on component roles and orchestration strategies, reviews four foundational paradigms, and identifies key challenges for future research.
PRIMETIME generator reveals that LLM datetime parsing and arithmetic primitives are individually unreliable but fully learnable via fine-tuning, enabling frontier-level accuracy on event planning with small LoRA models.
FedCoLLM is a parameter-efficient federated co-tuning framework that improves client SLMs via server LLMs and enriches LLMs with client domain insights using adapters on NLP text generation tasks.
Moshi is the first real-time full-duplex spoken large language model that casts dialogue as speech-to-speech generation using parallel audio streams and an inner monologue of time-aligned text tokens.
Transformers and SSMs are unified through structured state space duality, producing a 2-8X faster Mamba-2 model that remains competitive with Transformers.
SpinQuant learns optimal rotations to enable accurate 4-bit quantization of LLM weights, activations, and KV cache, reducing the zero-shot gap to full precision to 2.9 points on LLaMA-2 7B.
BitNet b1.58 shows that ternary 1.58-bit LLMs can match full-precision performance at substantially lower inference cost.
Iterative self-rewarding via LLM-as-Judge in DPO training on Llama 2 70B improves instruction following and self-evaluation, outperforming GPT-4 on AlpacaEval 2.0.
OPT releases open decoder-only transformers up to 175B parameters that match GPT-3 performance at one-seventh the carbon cost, along with code and training logs.
MoLS scales Adam updates using module-level SNR estimates to correct gradient noise imbalance and improve LLM training convergence and generalization.
HyLo upcycles Transformer LLMs into hybrids with MLA and Mamba2/Gated DeltaNet blocks via staged training and distillation, extending context to 2M tokens and outperforming prior upcycled hybrids on long-context benchmarks.
GRASPrune removes 50% of parameters from LLaMA-2-7B via global gating and projected straight-through estimation, reaching 12.18 WikiText-2 perplexity and competitive zero-shot accuracy after four epochs on 512 calibration sequences.
citing papers explorer
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CacheTrap: Unveiling a Stealthier Gray-Box Trojan against LLMs
CacheTrap achieves 100% targeted attack success on five open-source LLMs by using an efficient search to locate and flip a single bit in the KV cache as a transient trigger, while preserving normal accuracy without the trigger.
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Language Models are Few-Shot Learners
GPT-3 shows that scaling an autoregressive language model to 175 billion parameters enables strong few-shot performance across diverse NLP tasks via in-context prompting without fine-tuning.
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Boosting Omni-Modal Language Models: Staged Post-Training with Visually Debiased Evaluation
Visual debiasing of omni-modal benchmarks combined with staged post-training lets a 3B model match or exceed a 30B model without a stronger teacher.
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LoopUS: Recasting Pretrained LLMs into Looped Latent Refinement Models
LoopUS converts pretrained LLMs into looped latent refinement models via block decomposition, selective gating, random deep supervision, and confidence-based early exiting to improve reasoning performance.
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HybridGen: Efficient LLM Generative Inference via CPU-GPU Hybrid Computing
HybridGen achieves 1.41x-3.2x average speedups over six prior KV cache methods for LLM inference by using attention logit parallelism, a feedback-driven scheduler, and semantic-aware KV cache mapping.
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Winner-Take-All Spiking Transformer for Language Modeling
Winner-take-all spiking self-attention replaces softmax in spiking transformers to support language modeling on 16 datasets with spike-driven, energy-efficient architectures.
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A Switch-Centric In-Network Architecture for Accelerating LLM Inference in Shared-Memory Network
SCIN uses an in-switch accelerator for direct memory access and 8-bit in-network quantization during All-Reduce, delivering up to 8.7x faster small-message reduction and 1.74x TTFT speedup on LLaMA-2 models.
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Path-Constrained Mixture-of-Experts
PathMoE constrains expert paths in MoE models by sharing router parameters across layer blocks, yielding more concentrated paths, better performance on perplexity and tasks, and no need for auxiliary losses.
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EvoESAP: Non-Uniform Expert Pruning for Sparse MoE
EvoESAP uses evolutionary search guided by a speculative-decoding-inspired ESAP metric to discover non-uniform layer-wise sparsity allocations for MoE expert pruning, improving generation accuracy up to 19.6% at 50% sparsity.
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Deep Delta Learning
Deep Delta Learning replaces additive residual updates with a gated delta-rule that selectively overwrites residual content along learned directions, improving language modeling quality over standard ResNet-style accumulation.
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Scaling Latent Reasoning via Looped Language Models
Looped language models with latent iterative computation and entropy-regularized depth allocation achieve performance matching up to 12B standard LLMs through superior knowledge manipulation.
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Data Mixing Agent: Learning to Re-weight Domains for Continual Pre-training
An RL agent learns domain re-weighting policies from evaluation feedback to improve balanced performance in continual pre-training of LLMs across source and target domains.
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From Standalone LLMs to Integrated Intelligence: A Survey of Compound Al Systems
A survey that defines Compound AI Systems, proposes a multi-dimensional taxonomy based on component roles and orchestration strategies, reviews four foundational paradigms, and identifies key challenges for future research.
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PRIMETIME : Limits of LLMs in Temporal Primitives
PRIMETIME generator reveals that LLM datetime parsing and arithmetic primitives are individually unreliable but fully learnable via fine-tuning, enabling frontier-level accuracy on event planning with small LoRA models.
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Federated Co-tuning Framework for Large and Small Language Models
FedCoLLM is a parameter-efficient federated co-tuning framework that improves client SLMs via server LLMs and enriches LLMs with client domain insights using adapters on NLP text generation tasks.
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Moshi: a speech-text foundation model for real-time dialogue
Moshi is the first real-time full-duplex spoken large language model that casts dialogue as speech-to-speech generation using parallel audio streams and an inner monologue of time-aligned text tokens.
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Transformers are SSMs: Generalized Models and Efficient Algorithms Through Structured State Space Duality
Transformers and SSMs are unified through structured state space duality, producing a 2-8X faster Mamba-2 model that remains competitive with Transformers.
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SpinQuant: LLM quantization with learned rotations
SpinQuant learns optimal rotations to enable accurate 4-bit quantization of LLM weights, activations, and KV cache, reducing the zero-shot gap to full precision to 2.9 points on LLaMA-2 7B.
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The Era of 1-bit LLMs: All Large Language Models are in 1.58 Bits
BitNet b1.58 shows that ternary 1.58-bit LLMs can match full-precision performance at substantially lower inference cost.
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Self-Rewarding Language Models
Iterative self-rewarding via LLM-as-Judge in DPO training on Llama 2 70B improves instruction following and self-evaluation, outperforming GPT-4 on AlpacaEval 2.0.
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OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models
OPT releases open decoder-only transformers up to 175B parameters that match GPT-3 performance at one-seventh the carbon cost, along with code and training logs.
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Revealing Modular Gradient Noise Imbalance in LLMs: Calibrating Adam via Signal-to-Noise Ratio
MoLS scales Adam updates using module-level SNR estimates to correct gradient noise imbalance and improve LLM training convergence and generalization.
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Long-Context Aware Upcycling: A New Frontier for Hybrid LLM Scaling
HyLo upcycles Transformer LLMs into hybrids with MLA and Mamba2/Gated DeltaNet blocks via staged training and distillation, extending context to 2M tokens and outperforming prior upcycled hybrids on long-context benchmarks.
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GRASPrune: Global Gating for Budgeted Structured Pruning of Large Language Models
GRASPrune removes 50% of parameters from LLaMA-2-7B via global gating and projected straight-through estimation, reaching 12.18 WikiText-2 perplexity and competitive zero-shot accuracy after four epochs on 512 calibration sequences.
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SAMoRA: Semantic-Aware Mixture of LoRA Experts for Task-Adaptive Learning
SAMoRA is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning framework that uses semantic-aware routing and task-adaptive scaling within a Mixture of LoRA Experts to improve multi-task performance and generalization over prior methods.
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TLoRA: Task-aware Low Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models
TLoRA jointly optimizes LoRA initialization via task-data SVD and sensitivity-driven rank allocation, delivering stronger results than standard LoRA across NLU, reasoning, math, code, and chat tasks while using fewer trainable parameters.
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Representation-Guided Parameter-Efficient LLM Unlearning
REGLU guides LoRA-based unlearning via representation subspaces and orthogonal regularization to outperform prior methods on forget-retain trade-off in LLM benchmarks.
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Robust Ultra Low-Bit Post-Training Quantization via Stable Diagonal Curvature Estimate
DASH-Q uses a stable diagonal curvature estimate and weighted least squares to achieve robust ultra-low-bit post-training quantization of LLMs, improving zero-shot accuracy by 7% on average over baselines.
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Parcae: Scaling Laws For Stable Looped Language Models
Parcae stabilizes looped LLMs via spectral norm constraints on injection parameters, enabling power-law scaling for training FLOPs and saturating exponential scaling at test time that improves quality over fixed-depth baselines under fixed parameter budgets.
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BiSpikCLM: A Spiking Language Model integrating Softmax-Free Spiking Attention and Spike-Aware Alignment Distillation
BiSpikCLM is the first fully binary spiking MatMul-free causal language model that matches ANN performance on generation tasks using only 4-6 percent of the compute via softmax-free spiking attention and spike-aware distillation.
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M$^2$RNN: Non-Linear RNNs with Matrix-Valued States for Scalable Language Modeling
M²RNN achieves perfect state tracking at unseen lengths and outperforms Gated DeltaNet hybrids by 0.4-0.5 perplexity on 7B models with 3x smaller recurrent states.
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SpecQuant: Spectral Decomposition and Adaptive Truncation for Ultra-Low-Bit LLMs Quantization
SpecQuant uses outlier smoothing into weights followed by channel-wise low-frequency Fourier truncation to achieve 4-bit quantization of LLaMA-3 8B with only 1.5% zero-shot accuracy loss versus full precision.
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ScaLoRA: Optimally Scaled Low-Rank Adaptation for Efficient High-Rank Fine-Tuning
ScaLoRA analytically derives per-update column scalings that let low-rank increments accumulate into high-rank weight updates, yielding faster convergence and higher accuracy than prior LoRA variants on LLMs up to 12B parameters.
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Scaling Laws Meet Model Architecture: Toward Inference-Efficient LLMs
A conditional scaling law fitted on over 200 models from 80M to 3B parameters identifies architectures that deliver up to 2.1% higher accuracy and 42% higher inference throughput than LLaMA-3.2 under the same training budget.
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HyperAdapt: Simple High-Rank Adaptation
HyperAdapt performs parameter-efficient fine-tuning by row- and column-wise diagonal scaling to induce high-rank updates with only n+m trainable parameters.
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ShinkaEvolve: Towards Open-Ended And Sample-Efficient Program Evolution
ShinkaEvolve improves sample efficiency in LLM-driven program evolution via parent sampling, code novelty rejection-sampling, and bandit LLM ensemble selection, achieving new SOTA circle packing with 150 samples and gains on math reasoning and competitive programming tasks.
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Capacity-Aware Inference: Mitigating the Straggler Effect in Mixture of Experts
Capacity-aware dropping techniques mitigate load imbalance in MoE inference, delivering up to 1.85x speedup with 0.2% or less performance change on models including Mixtral-8x7B.
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LaMI: Augmenting Large Language Models via Late Multi-Image Fusion
LaMI augments LLMs with visual commonsense via late fusion of predictions from multiple text-generated images, outperforming prior augmented LLMs on visual tasks while matching VLMs and preserving or improving NLP performance.
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An Empirical Study of Mamba-based Language Models
An 8B Mamba-2-Hybrid with 43% Mamba-2, 7% attention, and 50% MLP layers exceeds an 8B Transformer by 2.65 points on average across 12 tasks and matches it on 23 long-context tasks while enabling up to 8x faster inference.
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Gated Linear Attention Transformers with Hardware-Efficient Training
Gated linear attention Transformers achieve competitive language modeling results with linear-time inference, superior length generalization, and higher training throughput than Mamba.
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SmoothLLM: Defending Large Language Models Against Jailbreaking Attacks
SmoothLLM mitigates jailbreaking attacks on LLMs by randomly perturbing multiple copies of a prompt at the character level and aggregating the outputs to detect adversarial inputs.
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Textbooks Are All You Need II: phi-1.5 technical report
phi-1.5 is a 1.3B parameter model trained on synthetic textbook data that matches the reasoning performance of models five times larger on natural language, math, and basic coding tasks.
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PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways
PaLM 540B demonstrates continued scaling benefits by setting new few-shot SOTA results on hundreds of benchmarks and outperforming humans on BIG-bench.
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Fitting Is Not Enough: Smoothness in Extremely Quantized LLMs
Extremely quantized LLMs exhibit systematic smoothness degradation that reduces effective token candidates and degrades generation; a smoothness-preserving principle in PTQ and QAT delivers gains beyond numerical accuracy.
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MDN: Parallelizing Stepwise Momentum for Delta Linear Attention
MDN parallelizes stepwise momentum for delta linear attention using geometric reordering and dynamical systems analysis, yielding performance gains over Mamba2 and GDN on 400M and 1.3B models.
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HyperLens: Quantifying Cognitive Effort in LLMs with Fine-grained Confidence Trajectory
HyperLens reveals that deeper transformer layers magnify small confidence changes into fine-grained trajectories, allowing quantification of cognitive effort where complex tasks demand more and standard SFT can reduce it.
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The Cognitive Circuit Breaker: A Systems Engineering Framework for Intrinsic AI Reliability
The Cognitive Circuit Breaker detects LLM hallucinations by computing the Cognitive Dissonance Delta between semantic confidence and latent certainty from hidden states, adding negligible overhead.
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Adaptive Spiking Neurons for Vision and Language Modeling
ASN uses trainable parameters for adaptive membrane dynamics and firing in SNNs, with NASN adding normalization, and reports effectiveness across 19 vision and language datasets.
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SOLAR: A Self-Optimizing Open-Ended Autonomous Agent for Lifelong Learning and Continual Adaptation
SOLAR introduces a self-optimizing agent using meta-learning on model weights and RL-driven strategy discovery for lifelong adaptation in LLMs, claiming superior performance on reasoning tasks across domains.
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On the Limits of Layer Pruning for Generative Reasoning in Large Language Models
Layer pruning preserves classification performance in LLMs but fundamentally limits recovery of generative reasoning capabilities even after extensive self-supervised finetuning.