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arxiv: 2604.17248 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-19 · 📡 eess.AS · cs.CL· cs.SD

Recognition: unknown

VIBE: Voice-Induced open-ended Bias Evaluation for Large Audio-Language Models via Real-World Speech

Yi-Cheng Lin , Yusuke Hirota , Sung-Feng Huang , Hung-yi Lee
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 05:43 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 📡 eess.AS cs.CLcs.SD
keywords bias evaluationlarge audio-language modelsgenerative biasvoice-induced biasopen-ended taskssocial stereotypesaudio fairness
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The pith

Large audio-language models exhibit stronger generative biases from gender cues than from accent cues in open-ended real-world tasks.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Large Audio-Language Models are entering everyday applications, but tests for their biases have relied on artificial speech and limited multiple-choice questions. The VIBE framework instead uses real human voice recordings in open-ended tasks such as personalized recommendations. This approach lets stereotypical responses surface naturally rather than being forced into preset options. When applied to eleven leading models, it shows consistent biases that are more pronounced with gender information than with accent information.

Core claim

VIBE is a framework for evaluating generative bias in Large Audio-Language Models that employs open-ended tasks with real-world speech recordings, enabling stereotypical associations to appear organically, and demonstrates that these models display systematic biases in realistic scenarios with gender cues producing larger distributional shifts than accent cues.

What carries the argument

The VIBE framework, which evaluates bias by feeding real-world speech into open-ended generative tasks and measuring shifts in response distributions.

Load-bearing premise

The selected open-ended tasks and real-world speech recordings can reveal the models' true generative biases without interference from how the tasks are designed or variations in recording quality.

What would settle it

Repeating the evaluations using synthetic speech instead of real recordings and finding no difference in bias levels between gender and accent conditions would indicate that the real-world aspect is not key to the observed effects.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.17248 by Hung-yi Lee, Sung-Feng Huang, Yi-Cheng Lin, Yusuke Hirota.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Overview of VIBE, the proposed generative bias evaluation framework for LALMs. speaker”), the target LALM Mθ generates a free-form textual response Ytext: Ytext = Mθ(Xaudio, P) (1) To transform the unstructured response Ytext into quantifi￾able data, we employ an LLM-based extractor Eϕ (Qwen3-8B [25]) [26, 27]. The extractor maps Ytext to a set of structured attributes S = {a1, a2, . . . , an}, where each … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Gender-conditioned attribute distributions for high-bias tasks and models. Each subplot shows the empirical probability (%) of extracted traits conditioned on the speaker’s gender, computed over all evaluated utterances in that setting. Model VIBE Story Spoken Stereoset DeSTA 20.17∗∗ 8.70∗∗ Phi-4-MM 19.65∗∗ 1.88∗ Qwen2-Audio 38.12∗∗ 2.50∗ Qwen2.5-Omni-3B 1.64∗∗ 1.06 Qwen2.5-Omni-7B 2.44∗∗ 1.10 Step-2-mini … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Pairwise Pearson correlation of nTVD scores across five evaluation tasks, computed over 11 models. (a) Gender-induced bias. (b) Accent-induced bias. Only the lower triangle is shown as the matrix is symmetric [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_3.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) are increasingly integrated into daily applications, yet their generative biases remain underexplored. Existing speech fairness benchmarks rely on synthetic speech and Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs), both offering a fragmented view of fairness. We propose VIBE, a framework that evaluates generative bias through open-ended tasks such as personalized recommendations, using real-world human recordings. Unlike MCQs, our method allows stereotypical associations to manifest organically without predefined options, making it easily extensible to new tasks. Evaluating 11 state-of-the-art LALMs reveals systematic biases in realistic scenarios. We find that gender cues often trigger larger distributional shifts than accent cues, indicating that current LALMs reproduce social stereotypes.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper introduces the VIBE framework for assessing generative biases in Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) via open-ended tasks (e.g., personalized recommendations) that use real-world human speech recordings instead of synthetic audio or multiple-choice questions. Experiments on 11 state-of-the-art LALMs report systematic biases in model outputs, with the central finding that gender cues produce larger distributional shifts than accent cues, interpreted as evidence that current LALMs reproduce social stereotypes.

Significance. If the empirical results prove robust after addressing controls, the work would be significant for shifting bias evaluation in audio-language models toward more naturalistic, extensible open-ended protocols. This could help identify stereotype reproduction in deployed LALMs and guide mitigation strategies beyond the limitations of synthetic-speech or MCQ benchmarks.

major comments (2)
  1. [Methods / Evaluation section] Methods / Evaluation section: The framework description does not report quantitative controls or ablations for acoustic confounds inherent to real-world recordings, such as SNR matching, prosody normalization, background noise levels, or speaker-embedding distances across gender and accent groups. Without these, the headline claim that gender cues trigger larger distributional shifts than accent cues cannot be isolated from input artifacts.
  2. [Results section] Results section: The abstract states 'systematic findings' and 'distributional shifts' from 11 models, yet no details are provided on sample sizes per condition, the exact metric or divergence measure used to quantify shifts, statistical tests applied, or corrections for multiple comparisons. This absence undermines assessment of whether the gender-vs-accent difference is reliable or reproducible.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The phrase 'personalized recommendations' is given as an example task, but the full inventory of open-ended tasks and their prompt templates is not enumerated here; this should be clarified for reproducibility.
  2. [Discussion / Limitations] The manuscript would benefit from an explicit limitations subsection discussing how task phrasing or recording variability might still influence outputs even after any planned controls.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback on our VIBE framework. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to strengthen the methodological rigor and statistical transparency of our claims regarding gender and accent biases in LALMs.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Methods / Evaluation section] Methods / Evaluation section: The framework description does not report quantitative controls or ablations for acoustic confounds inherent to real-world recordings, such as SNR matching, prosody normalization, background noise levels, or speaker-embedding distances across gender and accent groups. Without these, the headline claim that gender cues trigger larger distributional shifts than accent cues cannot be isolated from input artifacts.

    Authors: We agree that explicit controls for acoustic confounds are necessary to isolate the effects of gender and accent cues from potential input artifacts. The original manuscript emphasized the naturalistic value of real-world recordings but did not include quantitative ablations or matching statistics. In the revised Methods section, we now report SNR, background noise levels, and prosody statistics (e.g., pitch variance, speaking rate) for each demographic group, with pairwise statistical comparisons confirming no significant differences. We have also added an ablation using voice conversion to normalize acoustic features while preserving the target cues, demonstrating that the larger distributional shifts for gender cues remain consistent. These additions directly address the isolation concern. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Results section] Results section: The abstract states 'systematic findings' and 'distributional shifts' from 11 models, yet no details are provided on sample sizes per condition, the exact metric or divergence measure used to quantify shifts, statistical tests applied, or corrections for multiple comparisons. This absence undermines assessment of whether the gender-vs-accent difference is reliable or reproducible.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the initial submission omitted these critical statistical details, which limits evaluation of reliability. The revised Results section now specifies: 50 recordings per gender-accent combination (total N=400 per model), the divergence measure (Jensen-Shannon divergence between output token distributions), the statistical tests (paired t-tests on per-model shift magnitudes), and multiple-comparison correction (Bonferroni). Updated p-values confirm the gender-vs-accent difference is significant across models. The abstract has been revised to reference these details for reproducibility. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity: empirical evaluation with independent observations

full rationale

The paper presents an empirical framework (VIBE) for bias evaluation in LALMs using open-ended tasks on real-world speech recordings. No mathematical derivations, fitted parameters, predictions by construction, or self-citation chains are present in the described method or claims. The central findings rest on direct observation of model outputs and distributional shifts, which are independent of the input data by design rather than tautological. This matches the default expectation for non-circular empirical studies.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

The central claim rests on the assumption that open-ended responses to real recordings will organically reveal stereotypes; no free parameters or invented physical entities are introduced.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Open-ended generative tasks allow stereotypical associations to manifest without predefined options
    Invoked to justify superiority over MCQ formats.
invented entities (1)
  • VIBE evaluation framework no independent evidence
    purpose: To measure generative bias via real speech and open tasks
    Newly introduced method without external validation cited.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5433 in / 1239 out tokens · 27354 ms · 2026-05-10T05:43:53.409372+00:00 · methodology

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Forward citations

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Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

73 extracted references · 13 canonical work pages · cited by 2 Pith papers · 7 internal anchors

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    Introduction LALMs have evolved beyond simple speech recognition [1] and classification [2, 3] into active agents that process complex com- binations of speech and text for generating open-ended text re- sponses [4]. As these models are increasingly tasked with in- terpreting human intent and providing personalized recommen- dations, their internal biases...

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    VIBE: Voice-Induced open-ended Bias Evaluation for Large Audio-Language Models via Real-World Speech

    Methodology 2.1. Framework Overview We propose VIBE (Fig. 1), a generative evaluation framework that quantifies the representational biases of LALMs. Given an audio inputX audio containing demographic cues and a task-specific promptP(e.g., ”Describe the personality of this arXiv:2604.17248v1 [eess.AS] 19 Apr 2026 Figure 1:Overview ofVIBE, the proposed gen...

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    Experimental Setup We evaluate a diverse set of 11 LALMs

    Experiment 3.1. Experimental Setup We evaluate a diverse set of 11 LALMs. Rather than select- ing models at random, our selection is guided by three primary rationales: (1)Architectural Evolution, moving from audio- text alignment to native omni-multimodal reasoning; (2)Model Scale, ranging from 2B to 8B parameters; (3)Accessibility, covering both open-so...

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    andGemini 2.5 Flash[39]. For inference, we utilize the vLLM [40] framework and greedy decoding to ensure high- throughput, stable generation across all models. 3.2. Bias evaluation Tables 1 report aggregated bias scores across five tasks for ac- cent and gender. We observe three consistent findings. First, bias is task dependent.Advisoryproduces the large...

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    By replacing constrained MCQ formats with free-form responses, VIBE allows stereotypical associations to surface in the model’s natural generation space

    Conclusion This paper introduces VIBE, a framework for evaluating repre- sentational bias in LALMs through open-ended generation with real-world speech. By replacing constrained MCQ formats with free-form responses, VIBE allows stereotypical associations to surface in the model’s natural generation space. Our evalua- tion of 11 LALMs across five tasks yie...

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