SimWorld Studio deploys an evolving coding agent to create adaptive 3D environments that co-evolve with embodied learners, delivering 18-point success-rate gains over fixed environments in navigation benchmarks.
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R-Zero: Self-Evolving Reasoning LLM from Zero Data
Canonical reference. 71% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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Pith papers citing it
Background
71% of classified citations
abstract
Self-evolving Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a scalable path toward super-intelligence by autonomously generating, refining, and learning from their own experiences. However, existing methods for training such models still rely heavily on vast human-curated tasks and labels, typically via fine-tuning or reinforcement learning, which poses a fundamental bottleneck to advancing AI systems toward capabilities beyond human intelligence. To overcome this limitation, we introduce R-Zero, a fully autonomous framework that generates its own training data from scratch. Starting from a single base LLM, R-Zero initializes two independent models with distinct roles, a Challenger and a Solver. These models are optimized separately and co-evolve through interaction: the Challenger is rewarded for proposing tasks near the edge of the Solver capability, and the Solver is rewarded for solving increasingly challenging tasks posed by the Challenger. This process yields a targeted, self-improving curriculum without any pre-existing tasks and labels. Empirically, R-Zero substantially improves reasoning capability across different backbone LLMs, e.g., boosting the Qwen3-4B-Base by +6.49 on math-reasoning benchmarks and +7.54 on general-domain reasoning benchmarks.
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representative citing papers
EVE enables verifiable self-evolution of MLLMs by using a Challenger-Solver architecture to generate dynamic executable visual transformations that produce VQA problems with absolute execution-verified ground truth.
EvoRepair is the first experience-based self-evolving agent framework for automated vulnerability repair, reporting 90.46% overall success on PATCHEVAL and SEC-bench benchmarks.
A proposer-solver agent pair achieves supervised-level video temporal grounding and fine-grained captioning from 2.5K unlabeled videos via self-reinforcing evolution.
QueST adapts LLMs at test time by generating query-specific problem-solution pairs for self-supervised fine-tuning, improving reasoning performance without external data.
COSPLAY co-evolves an LLM decision agent with a skill bank agent to improve long-horizon game performance, reporting over 25.1% average reward gains versus frontier LLM baselines on single-player benchmarks.
SPIRAL is a closed-loop think-act-reflect framework using PlanAgent, VideoGenerator, and CriticAgent plus GRPO self-evolution to improve long-horizon action-conditioned video generation, with new dataset and benchmark showing gains over open-loop baselines.
IFCodeEvolve synthesizes coding data via actor-schema co-evolution with MCTS, boosting a 32B model's performance to match proprietary SOTA on instruction following.
BenchEvolver evolves coding problem solutions to generate harder, valid tasks, producing LiveCodeBench-Plus where frontier models score 27.5-62.6% and enabling RL gains on held-out tests.
SEAL co-evolves LLM agents and environments via shared turn-level failure diagnoses, yielding +8.25 to +26.25 point gains on tool-use tasks with only 400 samples.
EVE-Agent adds an evidence verifier to the proposer-solver loop that rewards spans by marginal accuracy gain, producing self-generated but inspectable training examples for search agents.
EvoVid proposes a temporal-centric self-evolution framework for Video-LLMs that uses temporal-aware Questioner and temporal-grounded Solver rewards to improve performance directly from unannotated videos.
PopuLoRA shows that co-evolving populations of LoRA adapters through cross-evaluated self-play can outperform compute-matched single-agent baselines on multiple code and math reasoning benchmarks.
Video-Zero is an annotation-free Questioner-Solver co-evolution framework that centers self-evolution on temporally localized evidence to improve video VLMs.
EvoEnv lets a single policy synthesize, validate, and use Python environments with durable solve-verify asymmetry to improve reasoning performance on Qwen3-4B-Thinking from 72.4 to 74.8 while fixed-data baselines decline.
A co-evolutionary VLM-VGM loop on 500 unlabeled images raises planner success by 30 points and simulator success by 48 percent while beating fully supervised baselines.
MORA breaks the safety-helpfulness ceiling in LLMs by pre-sampling single-reward prompts and rewriting them to incorporate multi-dimensional intents, delivering 5-12.4% gains in sequential alignment and 4.6% overall improvement in simultaneous alignment.
Seirênes trains LLMs via adversarial self-play to generate and overcome evolving distractions, producing gains of 7-10 points on math reasoning benchmarks and exposing blind spots in larger models.
Preping builds agent memory via proposer-guided synthetic practice and selective validation, matching offline/online methods at 2-3x lower deployment cost.
G-Zero uses the Hint-δ intrinsic reward to drive co-evolution between a Proposer and Generator via GRPO and DPO, providing a theoretical suboptimality guarantee for self-improvement from internal dynamics alone.
SEIF creates a self-reinforcing loop in which an LLM alternately generates increasingly difficult instructions and learns to follow them better using reinforcement learning signals from its own judgments.
RL training compute for logical reasoning follows a power law with horizon depth whose exponent rises with logical expressiveness, yielding better downstream transfer when models train on richer logics.
SPARK constructs unified knowledge graphs from multi-document scientific literature to ground self-play RL with asymmetric roles and verifiable rewards, outperforming flat-corpus baselines especially on longer-hop reasoning tasks.
Structured knowledge extracted from corpora enables test-driven data engineering for LLMs by mapping training data to source code, model training to compilation, benchmarking to unit testing, and failures to targeted data repairs, demonstrated across 16 disciplines.
citing papers explorer
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SimWorld Studio: Automatic Environment Generation with Evolving Coding Agent for Embodied Agent Learning
SimWorld Studio deploys an evolving coding agent to create adaptive 3D environments that co-evolve with embodied learners, delivering 18-point success-rate gains over fixed environments in navigation benchmarks.
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EVE: Verifiable Self-Evolution of MLLMs via Executable Visual Transformations
EVE enables verifiable self-evolution of MLLMs by using a Challenger-Solver architecture to generate dynamic executable visual transformations that produce VQA problems with absolute execution-verified ground truth.
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EvoRepair: Enhancing Vulnerability Repair Agents Through Experience-Based Self-Evolution
EvoRepair is the first experience-based self-evolving agent framework for automated vulnerability repair, reporting 90.46% overall success on PATCHEVAL and SEC-bench benchmarks.
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EvoGround: Self-Evolving Video Agents for Video Temporal Grounding
A proposer-solver agent pair achieves supervised-level video temporal grounding and fine-grained captioning from 2.5K unlabeled videos via self-reinforcing evolution.
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Query-Conditioned Test-Time Self-Training for Large Language Models
QueST adapts LLMs at test time by generating query-specific problem-solution pairs for self-supervised fine-tuning, improving reasoning performance without external data.
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Co-Evolving LLM Decision and Skill Bank Agents for Long-Horizon Tasks
COSPLAY co-evolves an LLM decision agent with a skill bank agent to improve long-horizon game performance, reporting over 25.1% average reward gains versus frontier LLM baselines on single-player benchmarks.
-
SPIRAL: Self-Evolving Action-Conditioned Video Generation via Reflective Planning Agents
SPIRAL is a closed-loop think-act-reflect framework using PlanAgent, VideoGenerator, and CriticAgent plus GRPO self-evolution to improve long-horizon action-conditioned video generation, with new dataset and benchmark showing gains over open-loop baselines.
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Steerable Instruction Following Coding Data Synthesis with Actor-Parametric Schema Co-Evolution
IFCodeEvolve synthesizes coding data via actor-schema co-evolution with MCTS, boosting a 32B model's performance to match proprietary SOTA on instruction following.
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BenchEvolver: Frontier Task Synthesis via Solution-Centric Evolution
BenchEvolver evolves coding problem solutions to generate harder, valid tasks, producing LiveCodeBench-Plus where frontier models score 27.5-62.6% and enabling RL gains on held-out tests.
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SEAL: Synergistic Co-Evolution of Agents and Learning Environments
SEAL co-evolves LLM agents and environments via shared turn-level failure diagnoses, yielding +8.25 to +26.25 point gains on tool-use tasks with only 400 samples.
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EVE-Agent: Evidence-Verifiable Self-Evolving Agents
EVE-Agent adds an evidence verifier to the proposer-solver loop that rewards spans by marginal accuracy gain, producing self-generated but inspectable training examples for search agents.
-
EvoVid: Temporal-Centric Self-Evolution for Video Large Language Models
EvoVid proposes a temporal-centric self-evolution framework for Video-LLMs that uses temporal-aware Questioner and temporal-grounded Solver rewards to improve performance directly from unannotated videos.
-
PopuLoRA: Co-Evolving LLM Populations for Reasoning Self-Play
PopuLoRA shows that co-evolving populations of LoRA adapters through cross-evaluated self-play can outperform compute-matched single-agent baselines on multiple code and math reasoning benchmarks.
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Video-Zero: Self-Evolution Video Understanding
Video-Zero is an annotation-free Questioner-Solver co-evolution framework that centers self-evolution on temporally localized evidence to improve video VLMs.
-
Learning to Build the Environment: Self-Evolving Reasoning RL via Verifiable Environment Synthesis
EvoEnv lets a single policy synthesize, validate, and use Python environments with durable solve-verify asymmetry to improve reasoning performance on Qwen3-4B-Thinking from 72.4 to 74.8 while fixed-data baselines decline.
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RoboEvolve: Co-Evolving Planner-Simulator for Robotic Manipulation with Limited Data
A co-evolutionary VLM-VGM loop on 500 unlabeled images raises planner success by 30 points and simulator success by 48 percent while beating fully supervised baselines.
-
Explaining and Breaking the Safety-Helpfulness Ceiling via Preference Dimensional Expansion
MORA breaks the safety-helpfulness ceiling in LLMs by pre-sampling single-reward prompts and rewriting them to incorporate multi-dimensional intents, delivering 5-12.4% gains in sequential alignment and 4.6% overall improvement in simultaneous alignment.
-
Seir\^enes: Adversarial Self-Play with Evolving Distractions for LLM Reasoning
Seirênes trains LLMs via adversarial self-play to generate and overcome evolving distractions, producing gains of 7-10 points on math reasoning benchmarks and exposing blind spots in larger models.
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PREPING: Building Agent Memory without Tasks
Preping builds agent memory via proposer-guided synthetic practice and selective validation, matching offline/online methods at 2-3x lower deployment cost.
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G-Zero: Self-Play for Open-Ended Generation from Zero Data
G-Zero uses the Hint-δ intrinsic reward to drive co-evolution between a Proposer and Generator via GRPO and DPO, providing a theoretical suboptimality guarantee for self-improvement from internal dynamics alone.
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SEIF: Self-Evolving Reinforcement Learning for Instruction Following
SEIF creates a self-reinforcing loop in which an LLM alternately generates increasingly difficult instructions and learns to follow them better using reinforcement learning signals from its own judgments.
-
Can RL Teach Long-Horizon Reasoning to LLMs? Expressiveness Is Key
RL training compute for logical reasoning follows a power law with horizon depth whose exponent rises with logical expressiveness, yielding better downstream transfer when models train on richer logics.
-
SPARK: Self-Play with Asymmetric Reward from Knowledge Graphs
SPARK constructs unified knowledge graphs from multi-document scientific literature to ground self-play RL with asymmetric roles and verifiable rewards, outperforming flat-corpus baselines especially on longer-hop reasoning tasks.
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Programming with Data: Test-Driven Data Engineering for Self-Improving LLMs from Raw Corpora
Structured knowledge extracted from corpora enables test-driven data engineering for LLMs by mapping training data to source code, model training to compilation, benchmarking to unit testing, and failures to targeted data repairs, demonstrated across 16 disciplines.
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Scaling Self-Play with Self-Guidance
SGS adds self-guidance to LLM self-play for Lean4 theorem proving, surpassing RL baselines and enabling a 7B model to outperform a 671B model after 200 rounds.
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Bootstrapping Post-training Signals for Open-ended Tasks via Rubric-based Self-play on Pre-training Text
POP bootstraps post-training signals for open-ended LLM tasks by synthesizing rubrics during self-play on pretraining corpus, yielding performance gains on Qwen-2.5-7B across healthcare QA, creative writing, and instruction following.
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Evaluation-driven Scaling for Scientific Discovery
SimpleTES scales test-time evaluation in LLMs to discover state-of-the-art solutions on 21 scientific problems across six domains, outperforming frontier models and optimization pipelines with examples like 2x faster LASSO and new Erdos constructions.
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Too Correct to Learn: Reinforcement Learning on Saturated Reasoning Data
A parameter-free sampling strategy called CUTS combined with Mixed-CUTS training prevents mode collapse in RL for saturated LLM reasoning tasks and raises AIME25 Pass@1 accuracy by up to 15.1% over standard GRPO.
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Training LLM Agents for Spontaneous, Reward-Free Self-Evolution via World Knowledge Exploration
LLM agents trained with a task-success reward on self-generated knowledge can spontaneously explore and adapt to new environments without any rewards or instructions at inference, yielding 20% gains on web tasks and allowing a 14B model to beat Gemini-2.5-Flash.
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HEALing Entropy Collapse: Enhancing Exploration in Few-Shot RLVR via Hybrid-Domain Entropy Dynamics Alignment
HEAL mitigates entropy collapse in few-shot RLVR by selectively adding general-domain data and aligning trajectory-level entropy dynamics, matching full-shot performance with 32 target samples.
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Vocabulary Dropout for Curriculum Diversity in LLM Co-Evolution
Vocabulary dropout prevents diversity collapse in LLM co-evolution by masking proposer logits, yielding average +4.4 point solver gains on mathematical reasoning benchmarks at 8B scale.
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The Landscape of Agentic Reinforcement Learning for LLMs: A Survey
Survey that defines agentic RL for LLMs via POMDPs, introduces a taxonomy of planning/tool-use/memory/reasoning capabilities and domains, and compiles open environments from over 500 papers.
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Trust Region On-Policy Distillation
TrOPD stabilizes on-policy distillation for LLMs with trust-region learning, outlier estimation, and off-policy guidance, outperforming prior OPD methods on reasoning and code benchmarks.
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RISE: Reliable Improvement in Self-Evolving Vision-Language Models
RISE proposes a self-evolving VLM framework with three designs to address challenges in question generation and solver adaptation, reporting consistent gains on seven benchmarks across two backbones.
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D$^2$Evo: Dual Difficulty-Aware Self-Evolution for Data-Efficient Reinforcement Learning
D²Evo mines medium-difficulty anchors from the current model, trains a Questioner to generate matching questions, and jointly optimizes Solver and Questioner for progressive gains, outperforming baselines on math reasoning with under 2K real samples.
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SOLAR: A Self-Optimizing Open-Ended Autonomous Agent for Lifelong Learning and Continual Adaptation
SOLAR introduces a self-optimizing agent using meta-learning on model weights and RL-driven strategy discovery for lifelong adaptation in LLMs, claiming superior performance on reasoning tasks across domains.
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Learning to Pose Problems: Reasoning-Driven and Solver-Adaptive Data Synthesis
A reasoning-driven problem generator plans synthesis directions with CoT and uses solver performance feedback to adapt difficulty, producing complementary problems that yield a 3.4% average improvement across 10 reasoning benchmarks.
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A Comprehensive Survey of Self-Evolving AI Agents: A New Paradigm Bridging Foundation Models and Lifelong Agentic Systems
A comprehensive review of self-evolving AI agents that improve themselves over time, organized via a framework of inputs, agent system, environment, and optimizers, with domain-specific and safety discussions.
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A Survey of Reinforcement Learning for Large Reasoning Models
A survey compiling RL methods, challenges, data resources, and applications for enhancing reasoning in large language models and large reasoning models since DeepSeek-R1.
- $\pi$-Play: Multi-Agent Self-Play via Privileged Self-Distillation without External Data
- ZeroCoder: Can LLMs Improve Code Generation Without Ground-Truth Supervision?
- Toward Training Superintelligent Software Agents through Self-Play SWE-RL
- Discovering New Theorems via LLMs with In-Context Proof Learning in Lean