Agent-ValueBench is the first dedicated benchmark for agent values, showing they diverge from LLM values, form a homogeneous 'Value Tide' across models, and bend under harnesses and skill steering.
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ToolAlpaca: Generalized Tool Learning for Language Models with 3000 Simulated Cases
Canonical reference. 83% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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abstract
Enabling large language models to utilize real-world tools effectively is crucial for achieving embodied intelligence. Existing approaches to tool learning have either primarily relied on extremely large language models, such as GPT-4, to attain generalized tool-use abilities in a zero-shot manner, or utilized supervised learning to train limited scopes of tools on compact models. However, it remains uncertain whether smaller language models can achieve generalized tool-use abilities without tool-specific training. To address this question, this paper introduces ToolAlpaca, a novel framework designed to automatically generate a diverse tool-use corpus and learn generalized tool-use abilities on compact language models with minimal human intervention. Specifically, ToolAlpaca first automatically creates a highly diversified tool-use corpus by building a multi-agent simulation environment. The corpus contains 3938 tool-use instances from more than 400 real-world tool APIs spanning 50 distinct categories. Subsequently, the constructed corpus is employed to fine-tune compact language models, resulting in two models, namely ToolAlpaca-7B and ToolAlpaca-13B, respectively. Finally, we evaluate the ability of these models to utilize previously unseen tools without specific training. Experimental results demonstrate that ToolAlpaca achieves effective generalized tool-use capabilities comparable to those of extremely large language models like GPT-3.5, demonstrating that learning generalized tool-use ability is feasible for compact language models.
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representative citing papers
LLM agents achieve greater flexibility during execution by classifying actions via a reversibility taxonomy and using an Earliest-Conflict Rollback algorithm that matches full-restart quality while wasting far less completed work.
AgentDojo introduces an extensible evaluation framework populated with realistic agent tasks and security test cases to measure prompt injection robustness in tool-using LLM agents.
API-Bank is a new benchmark and training dataset for tool-augmented LLMs that shows fine-tuned models can approach GPT-3.5 tool-use effectiveness.
SIGMA introduces skill-incidence graphs to compose agents from reusable skills, yielding higher average performance and robustness than topology-only baselines on reasoning and coding benchmarks.
SENTINEL generates targeted tasks from model failures in a Controller-Proposer-Solver loop, raising Pass^1 from 66.4 to 74.9 on Tau2-Bench Retail and outperforming standard RL.
AgentCanary introduces an Entry × Impact risk taxonomy, high-fidelity real tool environments with persistent state, and multi-dimensional trajectory evaluation to assess AI agent security across models and attacks.
OPD+ removes the bias from stop-gradient in on-policy distillation by deriving correct gradients for f-divergences, outperforming standard KL-based methods on math reasoning and tool-use tasks.
MCPO applies contrastive learning to GRPO-style RL by treating cross-domain correct rollouts as positives and incorrect ones as negatives to improve multi-domain reasoning performance in LRMs.
Biased long-term memories in LLM agents cause measurable deviations in tool parameters across 105 scenarios, seven models, and 608 real tools, persisting under standard memory architectures.
Self-distillation token rewards measure input-response-feedback pointwise mutual information, and CREDIT extracts the input-specific component with contrastive baselines to improve LLM reasoning performance.
Tool cloning is pervasive in agentic AI ecosystems, with 60% of high-Jaccard and 85% of high-ssdeep MCP repository pairs manually verified as true clones.
AOPD modifies on-policy distillation by using localized divergence minimization for non-positive advantages instead of negative reinforcement, yielding average gains of 4.09/8.34 over standard OPD on math reasoning benchmarks under strong/weak initialization.
COVERT generates verifiable synthetic tool-use environments for RL by validated trajectory synthesis and oracle-preserving augmentations, improving tool-use accuracy on BFCL v3 and ACEBench while remaining complementary to SFT.
ToolPRM provides fine-grained intra-call process supervision via a new dataset and reward model, outperforming outcome and coarse-grained alternatives on function-calling benchmarks.
PROVE trains LLMs on multi-step tool calls using 20 live MCP servers with 343 tools, state-grounded synthesis, and adaptive efficiency rewards, delivering gains of up to 10.2 points on BFCL Multi-Turn and similar on other benchmarks.
WRIT is a synthesis pipeline that generates write-read intensive trajectories along axes of write-decision count and per-decision evidence burden, enabling a 4B model to outperform GPT-5.1 on τ²-bench with reduced inference tokens.
SynAE is a multi-metric framework that evaluates how well synthetic benchmarks replicate real data characteristics for multi-turn tool-calling agent testing.
Maestro uses outcome-based RL to train a lightweight policy that orchestrates ensembles of frozen expert models and skills, reporting 70.1% average accuracy across ten multimodal benchmarks and outperforming GPT-5 and Gemini-2.5-Pro while generalizing to unseen components.
OEP poisons self-evolving LLM agents by constructing clean edge-case experiences that appear locally valid yet cause harmful over-generalization during reflection, achieving over 50% attack success rate on GPT-4o agents across three domains.
FireFly inverts task synthesis by exploring real MCP servers first via pairwise tool graphs and sub-DAG sampling, then generates 5,144 verified tasks backward from outcomes to train a 4B model that matches Claude Sonnet 4.6 on tool-calling benchmarks.
Empirical analysis across 15 LLMs and 1,141 skills identifies a logarithmic routing decay law and a multiplicative execution law coupled by a single fitted slope parameter b that enables targeted library optimizations improving routing accuracy and downstream task pass rates.
MOPD improves on-policy distillation by using peer successes and failures from multiple rollouts to construct more informative teacher signals, yielding consistent gains over baselines on reasoning benchmarks.
UniSD unifies self-distillation components for autoregressive LLMs and its full integrated version improves base models by 5.4 points and baselines by 2.8 points across six benchmarks.
citing papers explorer
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SIGMA: Skill-Incidence Graphs for Compositional Multi-Agent Design
SIGMA introduces skill-incidence graphs to compose agents from reusable skills, yielding higher average performance and robustness than topology-only baselines on reasoning and coding benchmarks.