pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2003.01100 · v4 · submitted 2020-03-02 · ✦ hep-ph · astro-ph.CO· astro-ph.SR· hep-ex· hep-th

Recognition: 1 theorem link

The landscape of QCD axion models

Luca Di Luzio , Maurizio Giannotti , Enrico Nardi , Luca Visinelli
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-16 02:22 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph astro-ph.COastro-ph.SRhep-exhep-th
keywords QCD axionstrong CP problemaxion modelsmass-coupling windowcosmological boundsastrophysical constraintsexperimental searches
0
0 comments X

The pith

QCD axion models can extend the mass and coupling window beyond conventional limits while solving the strong CP problem.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper reviews the various QCD axion models proposed in the literature. It highlights and classifies theoretical constructions that allow the axion to have masses and couplings outside the standard ranges. Bounds from cosmology, astrophysics, and experimental searches are reexamined and updated to reflect these possibilities. A sympathetic reader would care because the expanded landscape changes the targets for detecting the axion as a solution to the strong CP problem or as dark matter.

Core claim

Theoretical constructions extend the window for the axion mass and couplings beyond conventional regions, and bounds from cosmology, astrophysics and experimental searches are updated to account for these models.

What carries the argument

Classification of axion models according to the regions they open in the mass-coupling parameter space.

Load-bearing premise

The cited literature is assumed to provide a complete and unbiased sample of all relevant axion model constructions and observational bounds.

What would settle it

An experimental detection of an axion whose mass and coupling values fall outside every classified window in the review would show that the landscape classification is incomplete.

read the original abstract

We review the landscape of QCD axion models. Theoretical constructions that extend the window for the axion mass and couplings beyond conventional regions are highlighted and classified. Bounds from cosmology, astrophysics and experimental searches are reexamined and updated.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 1 minor

Summary. This manuscript reviews the landscape of QCD axion models. It highlights and classifies theoretical constructions that extend the window for the axion mass and couplings beyond conventional regions, and reexamines and updates bounds from cosmology, astrophysics, and experimental searches.

Significance. If the classification of extended models is comprehensive and the bound updates incorporate consistent error treatment across the cited literature, the review would serve as a useful reference consolidating recent developments in axion model building and constraints for the phenomenology community.

minor comments (1)
  1. The abstract states that bounds are 'reexamined and updated' but does not specify which particular bounds receive the most significant revisions or the criteria used for updates; adding one sentence on this would improve clarity for readers.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive assessment of the manuscript, for recognizing its potential value as a reference for the axion phenomenology community, and for recommending acceptance. We appreciate the constructive framing of the review's scope.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity: review compiles external results

full rationale

The manuscript is explicitly a review paper whose abstract states it 'review[s] the landscape of QCD axion models' and 'highlight[s] and classif[ies]' prior constructions while 'reexamin[ing] and updat[ing]' bounds. No new derivations, first-principles predictions, or fitted parameters are introduced whose outputs reduce to the paper's own inputs by construction. All load-bearing content is drawn from external literature citations; the reader's noted assumption of an unbiased sample is a methodological caveat but does not create definitional or self-citation circularity within the text itself.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

As a review paper, no new free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are introduced by the authors.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5330 in / 906 out tokens · 33539 ms · 2026-05-16T02:22:00.142981+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Forward citations

Cited by 19 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. An ultra-broadband axion dark matter experiment

    hep-ph 2026-05 conditional novelty 7.0

    A dc SQUID operated at the flux sweet spot with lock-in modulation yields an ultra-broadband axion search with projected sensitivity |g_aγγ| ≳ 10^{-16} GeV^{-1} across 15 orders of magnitude in mass.

  2. Consistent Scattering Amplitudes, Yang-Mills, the Higgs Mechanism and the EFTs Beyond

    hep-th 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    S-matrix consistency forces the complete gluon amplitude structure and requires Yang-Mills Lie algebra plus Higgs mechanism for unitarised massive vector boson scattering.

  3. When Two Loops Matter: Electroweak Precision in the SMEFT

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    A modification to the top-Higgs Yukawa coupling in SMEFT induces a two-loop shift in the W mass through a large anomalous dimension, providing a new indirect probe via electroweak precision observables.

  4. Probing Solar Symmetrons with Direct Detection

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Solar tachocline production of symmetrons yields a keV-scale flux at Earth whose absorption in xenon detectors provides new complementary bounds on symmetron parameter space.

  5. Lights, Camera, Axion: Tracing Axions from Supernovae in the Diffuse $\gamma$-ray Sky

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Axions produced in supernovae generate a diffuse gamma-ray signal through conversion in magnetic fields, yielding competitive constraints on the axion-photon coupling from COMPTEL, EGRET, and Fermi-LAT data plus forec...

  6. The structure of multi-axion solutions to the strong CP problem

    hep-ph 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Multi-axion theories solving the strong CP problem produce varied mass-coupling relations via a general sum rule that depends on the details of PQ symmetry breaking and anomaly alignments.

  7. Bounds on massive graviton-like particles from searches for axion-like particles coupling to photons

    hep-ph 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Limits on axion-like particles from photon-coupling searches are recast as constraints on massive graviton-like particles across lab, astrophysical, and cosmological experiments using analogous Primakoff and Gertsensh...

  8. Crossing into the $m_a > f_a$ Region for Leptophilic ALPs

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Leptophilic ALPs with m_a > f_a can explain the electron anomalous magnetic moment tension over a large parameter space and are testable via μ→e conversion.

  9. The DAMSA Experiment

    hep-ex 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    DAMSA proposes an ultra-short baseline accelerator experiment to detect short-lived dark sector messengers by overcoming the sensitivity ceiling of longer-baseline beam dump experiments through a compact detector design.

  10. Axion Inflation from Heavy-Fermion One-Loop Effects

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    One-loop integration of a heavy fermion with inflaton-dependent mass in axion inflation generates localized gauge-field production and a detectable chiral gravitational-wave signal in the deci-hertz range.

  11. How well can the QCD axion hide?

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Multi-axion models relax the E/N bound on QCD axion photon coupling and allow subdominant dark matter contribution, but an axion-like particle is typically visible to next-generation experiments.

  12. Constraining F-theory Model Building with QCD Axions

    hep-th 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    F-theory models with the Standard Model spectrum are constrained by QCD axion physics, yielding typical detectable axion masses around 10^{-9} eV and decay constants around 10^{15} GeV in allowed regions.

  13. Constraining F-theory Model Building with QCD Axions

    hep-th 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    QCD axions constrain F-theory base threefolds to have rigid or flux-rigidified divisors, yielding typical axion masses around 10^{-9} eV and decay constants near 10^{15} GeV in allowed regions.

  14. Primordial Magnetogenesis and Gravitational Waves from ALP-assisted Phase Transition

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    ALP-assisted first-order phase transitions can explain observed intergalactic magnetic fields and produce detectable gravitational waves, linking cosmology with particle physics searches.

  15. Probing High-Quality Axions with Gravitational Waves

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    High-quality axion models with N_DW=1 and dark matter abundance requirement restrict the gauge breaking scale to 1.6e11-1e16 GeV, yielding a band of gravitational wave signals from two-step phase transitions consisten...

  16. Axion Quality in Warped Extra-Dimension

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Warped extra-dimensional axion models achieve high quality when nonlocal U(1)-charged field effects are sufficiently suppressed by the warp factor and orbifold structure.

  17. Semi-analytic bounds on axion-like-particle supernovae emission

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    Semi-analytic modeling of supernova cooling with six PNS parameters yields bounds on axion-nucleon coupling versus ALP mass that match numerical simulation results.

  18. Looking for Lights from the Darkness: Signals from MeV-scale Solar Axion-like Particles

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    Solar axion-like particles up to 5.5 MeV produce off-axis MeV photons via two-body decay, enabling new space and terrestrial searches that could probe g_aγ down to 10^{-12} GeV^{-1}.

  19. CMB signatures of gravity-mediated dark radiation in $\mathbf{\Delta N_{\rm eff}}$

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    Gravity-mediated production of scalar and vector dark radiation yields Planck 2018 constraints on reheating temperature T_RH and background equation of state w_Φ, with comparisons to right-handed neutrinos, ALPs, and ...

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

296 extracted references · 296 canonical work pages · cited by 18 Pith papers · 141 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Weinberg, Anthropic Bound on the Cosmological Constant, Phys

    S. Weinberg, Anthropic Bound on the Cosmological Constant, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 (1987) 2607. doi:10.1103/ PhysRevLett.59.2607

    work page 1987

  2. [2]

    The anthropic principle and the mass scale of the Standard Model

    V. Agrawal, S. M. Barr, J. F. Donoghue, D. Seckel, Viable range of the mass scale of the standard model, Phys. Rev. D57 (1998) 5480–5492. arXiv:hep-ph/9707380, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.57.5480

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevd.57.5480 1998

  3. [3]

    Anthropic considerations in multiple domain theories and the scale of electroweak symmetry breaking

    V. Agrawal, S. M. Barr, J. F. Donoghue, D. Seckel, Anthropic considerations in multiple domain theories and the scale of electroweak symmetry breaking, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 1822–1825.arXiv:hep-ph/9801253, doi:10.1103/ PhysRevLett.80.1822

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1998

  4. [4]

    Effects of theta on the deuteron binding energy and the triple-alpha process

    L. Ubaldi, Effects of theta on the deuteron binding energy and the triple-alpha process, Phys. Rev. D81 (2010) 025011. arXiv:0811.1599, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.81.025011

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevd.81.025011 2010

  5. [5]

    M. Dine, L. Stephenson Haskins, L. Ubaldi, D. Xu, Some Remarks on Anthropic Approaches to the Strong CP Problem, JHEP 05 (2018) 171.arXiv:1801.03466, doi:10.1007/JHEP05(2018)171

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/jhep05(2018)171 2018

  6. [6]

    Minkowski,µ→ eγ at a Rate of One Out of109 Muon Decays?, Phys

    P. Minkowski,µ→ eγ at a Rate of One Out of109 Muon Decays?, Phys. Lett. 67B (1977) 421–428. doi:10.1016/ 0370-2693(77)90435-X

    work page 1977

  7. [7]

    Yanagida, Horizontal gauge symmetry and masses of neutrinos, Conf

    T. Yanagida, Horizontal gauge symmetry and masses of neutrinos, Conf. Proc. C7902131 (1979) 95–99

    work page 1979

  8. [8]

    Complex Spinors and Unified Theories

    M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond, R. Slansky, Complex Spinors and Unified Theories, Conf. Proc. C790927 (1979) 315–321. arXiv:1306.4669

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1979

  9. [9]

    R. N. Mohapatra, G. Senjanovic, Neutrino Masses and Mixings in Gauge Models with Spontaneous Parity Violation, Phys. Rev. D23 (1981) 165.doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.23.165

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.23.165 1981

  10. [10]

    Fukugita, T

    M. Fukugita, T. Yanagida, Baryogenesis Without Grand Unification, Phys. Lett. B174 (1986) 45–47. doi:10.1016/ 0370-2693(86)91126-3

    work page 1986

  11. [11]

    A lower bound on the right-handed neutrino mass from leptogenesis

    S. Davidson, A. Ibarra, A Lower bound on the right-handed neutrino mass from leptogenesis, Phys. Lett. B535 (2002) 25–32. arXiv:hep-ph/0202239, doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(02)01735-5

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(02)01735-5 2002

  12. [12]

    Leptogenesis for Pedestrians

    W. Buchmuller, P. Di Bari, M. Plumacher, Leptogenesis for pedestrians, Annals Phys. 315 (2005) 305–351. arXiv: hep-ph/0401240, doi:10.1016/j.aop.2004.02.003

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.aop.2004.02.003 2005

  13. [13]

    Leptogenesis

    S. Davidson, E. Nardi, Y. Nir, Leptogenesis, Phys. Rept. 466 (2008) 105–177.arXiv:0802.2962, doi:10.1016/j.physrep. 2008.06.002

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.physrep 2008

  14. [14]

    C. S. Fong, E. Nardi, A. Riotto, Leptogenesis in the Universe, Adv. High Energy Phys. 2012 (2012) 158303.arXiv: 1301.3062, doi:10.1155/2012/158303

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1155/2012/158303 2012

  15. [15]

    E. J. Chun, et al., Probing Leptogenesis, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A33 (05n06) (2018) 1842005. arXiv:1711.02865, doi: 10.1142/S0217751X18420058

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1142/s0217751x18420058 2018

  16. [16]

    Weinberg, A New Light Boson?, Phys

    S. Weinberg, A New Light Boson?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 (1978) 223–226.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.223

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.40.223 1978

  17. [17]

    Wilczek, Problem of Strong p and t Invariance in the Presence of Instantons, Phys

    F. Wilczek, Problem of Strong p and t Invariance in the Presence of Instantons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 (1978) 279–282. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.279

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.40.279 1978

  18. [18]

    C. Vafa, E. Witten, Parity Conservation in QCD, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53 (1984) 535.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.535

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.53.535 1984

  19. [19]

    R. D. Peccei, H. R. Quinn, CP Conservation in the Presence of Instantons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 (1977) 1440–1443. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.38.1440

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.38.1440 1977

  20. [20]

    R. D. Peccei, H. R. Quinn, Constraints Imposed by CP Conservation in the Presence of Instantons, Phys. Rev. D16 (1977) 1791–1797. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.16.1791

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.16.1791 1977

  21. [21]

    doi:10.1017/CBO9780511565045

    S.Coleman, AspectsofSymmetry, CambridgeUniversityPress, Cambridge, U.K., 1985. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511565045

    work page doi:10.1017/cbo9780511565045 1985

  22. [22]

    J. E. Kim, Light Pseudoscalars, Particle Physics and Cosmology, Phys. Rept. 150 (1987) 1–177. doi:10.1016/ 0370-1573(87)90017-2

    work page 1987

  23. [23]

    Cheng, The Strong CP Problem Revisited, Phys

    H.-Y. Cheng, The Strong CP Problem Revisited, Phys. Rept. 158 (1988) 1.doi:10.1016/0370-1573(88)90135-4

    work page doi:10.1016/0370-1573(88)90135-4 1988

  24. [24]

    R. D. Peccei, The Strong CP Problem, Adv. Ser. Direct. High Energy Phys. 3 (1989) 503–551. doi:10.1142/ 9789814503280_0013

    work page 1989

  25. [25]

    R. D. Peccei, The Strong CP problem and axions, Lect. Notes Phys. 741 (2008) 3–17, [,3(2006)].arXiv:hep-ph/0607268, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73518-2_1

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73518-2_1 2008

  26. [26]

    J. E. Kim, G. Carosi, Axions and the Strong CP Problem, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82 (2010) 557–602, [erratum: Rev. Mod. Phys.91,no.4,049902(2019)]. arXiv:0807.3125, doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.557,10.1103/RevModPhys.91.049902

    work page doi:10.1103/revmodphys.82.557 2010

  27. [27]

    Axion Cosmology

    P. Sikivie, Axion Cosmology, Lect. Notes Phys. 741 (2008) 19–50, [,19(2006)].arXiv:astro-ph/0610440, doi:10.1007/ 978-3-540-73518-2_2

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2008

  28. [28]

    Axions : Theory and Cosmological Role

    M. Kawasaki, K. Nakayama, Axions: Theory and Cosmological Role, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 63 (2013) 69–95. arXiv:1301.1123, doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102212-170536

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102212-170536 2013

  29. [29]

    D. J. E. Marsh, Axion Cosmology, Phys. Rept. 643 (2016) 1–79.arXiv:1510.07633, doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2016.06. 005

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2016.06 2016

  30. [30]

    Cheng, Tabulation of Astrophysical Constraints on Axions and Nambu-goldstone Bosons, Phys

    H.-Y. Cheng, Tabulation of Astrophysical Constraints on Axions and Nambu-goldstone Bosons, Phys. Rev. D36 (1987)

    work page 1987

  31. [31]

    doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.36.1649

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.36.1649

  32. [32]

    M. S. Turner, Windows on the Axion, Phys. Rept. 197 (1990) 67–97.doi:10.1016/0370-1573(90)90172-X

    work page doi:10.1016/0370-1573(90)90172-x 1990

  33. [33]

    G. G. Raffelt, Astrophysical methods to constrain axions and other novel particle phenomena, Phys. Rept. 198 (1990) 1–113. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(90)90054-6

    work page doi:10.1016/0370-1573(90)90054-6 1990

  34. [34]

    G. G. Raffelt, Astrophysical axion bounds, Lect. Notes Phys. 741 (2008) 51–71, [,51(2006)]. arXiv:hep-ph/0611350, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73518-2_3. 127

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73518-2_3 2008

  35. [35]

    S. J. Asztalos, L. J. Rosenberg, K. van Bibber, P. Sikivie, K. Zioutas, Searches for astrophysical and cosmological axions, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 56 (2006) 293–326.doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl.56.080805.140513

    work page doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl.56.080805.140513 2006

  36. [36]

    Stellar Recipes for Axion Hunters

    M. Giannotti, I. G. Irastorza, J. Redondo, A. Ringwald, K. Saikawa, Stellar Recipes for Axion Hunters, JCAP 1710 (10) (2017) 010. arXiv:1708.02111, doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2017/10/010

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2017/10/010 2017

  37. [37]

    L. J. Rosenberg, K. A. van Bibber, Searches for invisible axions, Phys. Rept. 325 (2000) 1–39. doi:10.1016/ S0370-1573(99)00045-9

    work page 2000

  38. [38]

    Axion Searches in the Past, at Present, and in the Near Future

    R. Battesti, B. Beltran, H. Davoudiasl, M. Kuster, P. Pugnat, R. Rabadan, A. Ringwald, N. Spooner, K. Zioutas, Axion searches in the past, at present, and in the near future, Lect. Notes Phys. 741 (2008) 199–237, [,199(2007)]. arXiv:0705.0615, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73518-2_10

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73518-2_10 2008

  39. [39]

    P. W. Graham, I. G. Irastorza, S. K. Lamoreaux, A. Lindner, K. A. van Bibber, Experimental Searches for the Axion and Axion-Like Particles, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 65 (2015) 485–514. arXiv:1602.00039, doi:10.1146/ annurev-nucl-102014-022120

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2015

  40. [40]

    I. G. Irastorza, J. Redondo, New experimental approaches in the search for axion-like particles, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 102 (2018) 89–159. arXiv:1801.08127, doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2018.05.003

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2018.05.003 2018

  41. [41]

    Sikivie, Invisible Axion Search Methods (2020).arXiv:2003.02206

    P. Sikivie, Invisible Axion Search Methods (2020).arXiv:2003.02206

    work page arXiv 2020

  42. [42]

    Weinberg, The U(1) Problem, Phys

    S. Weinberg, The U(1) Problem, Phys. Rev. D11 (1975) 3583–3593.doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.11.3583

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.11.3583 1975

  43. [43]

    D. V. Nanopoulos, Towards a renormalizable unified gauge theory of strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions, Lett. Nuovo Cim. 8S2 (1973) 873–877, [Lett. Nuovo Cim.8,873(1973)].doi:10.1007/BF02727401

    work page doi:10.1007/bf02727401 1973

  44. [44]

    Weinberg, Nonabelian Gauge Theories of the Strong Interactions, Phys

    S. Weinberg, Nonabelian Gauge Theories of the Strong Interactions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 31 (1973) 494–497.doi:10.1103/ PhysRevLett.31.494

    work page 1973

  45. [45]

    A. A. Belavin, A. M. Polyakov, A. S. Schwartz, Yu. S. Tyupkin, Pseudoparticle Solutions of the Yang-Mills Equations, Phys. Lett. B59 (1975) 85–87, [,350(1975)].doi:10.1016/0370-2693(75)90163-X

    work page doi:10.1016/0370-2693(75)90163-x 1975

  46. [46]

    C. G. Callan, Jr., R. F. Dashen, D. J. Gross, The Structure of the Gauge Theory Vacuum, Phys. Lett. B63 (1976) 334–340, [,357(1976)]. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(76)90277-X

    work page doi:10.1016/0370-2693(76)90277-x 1976

  47. [47]

    Jackiw, C

    R. Jackiw, C. Rebbi, Vacuum Periodicity in a Yang-Mills Quantum Theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37 (1976) 172–175, [,353(1976)]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.37.172

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.37.172 1976

  48. [48]

    The QCD axion, precisely

    G. Grilli di Cortona, E. Hardy, J. Pardo Vega, G. Villadoro, The QCD axion, precisely, JHEP 01 (2016) 034.arXiv: 1511.02867, doi:10.1007/JHEP01(2016)034

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/jhep01(2016)034 2016

  49. [49]

    Bott, On the iteration of closed geodesics and the sturm intersection theory, Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 9 (2) (1956) 171–206.doi:10.1002/cpa.3160090204

    R. Bott, On the iteration of closed geodesics and the sturm intersection theory, Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 9 (2) (1956) 171–206.doi:10.1002/cpa.3160090204

    work page doi:10.1002/cpa.3160090204 1956

  50. [50]

    ’t Hooft, Symmetry Breaking Through Bell-Jackiw Anomalies, Phys

    G. ’t Hooft, Symmetry Breaking Through Bell-Jackiw Anomalies, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37 (1976) 8–11, [,226(1976)].doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.37.8

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.37.8 1976

  51. [51]

    ’t Hooft, Computation of the Quantum Effects Due to a Four-Dimensional Pseudoparticle, Phys

    G. ’t Hooft, Computation of the Quantum Effects Due to a Four-Dimensional Pseudoparticle, Phys. Rev. D14 (1976) 3432–3450, [,70(1976)]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.18.2199.3,10.1103/PhysRevD.14.3432

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.18.2199.3 1976

  52. [52]

    Witten, Some Exact Multi - Instanton Solutions of Classical Yang-Mills Theory, Phys

    E. Witten, Some Exact Multi - Instanton Solutions of Classical Yang-Mills Theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 (1977) 121–124, [,124(1976)]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.38.121

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.38.121 1977

  53. [53]

    Jackiw, C

    R. Jackiw, C. Nohl, C. Rebbi, Conformal Properties of Pseudoparticle Configurations, Phys. Rev. D15 (1977) 1642, [,128(1976)]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.15.1642

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.15.1642 1977

  54. [54]

    Jackiw, Introduction to the Yang-Mills Quantum Theory, Rev

    R. Jackiw, Introduction to the Yang-Mills Quantum Theory, Rev. Mod. Phys. 52 (1980) 661–673. doi:10.1103/ RevModPhys.52.661

    work page 1980

  55. [55]

    Weinberg, The quantum theory of fields

    S. Weinberg, The quantum theory of fields. Vol. 2: Modern applications, Cambridge University Press, 2013

    work page 2013

  56. [56]

    ’t Hooft, How Instantons Solve the U(1) Problem, Phys

    G. ’t Hooft, How Instantons Solve the U(1) Problem, Phys. Rept. 142 (1986) 357–387.doi:10.1016/0370-1573(86) 90117-1

    work page doi:10.1016/0370-1573(86 1986

  57. [57]

    D. J. Gross, R. D. Pisarski, L. G. Yaffe, QCD and Instantons at Finite Temperature, Rev. Mod. Phys. 53 (1981) 43. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.53.43

    work page doi:10.1103/revmodphys.53.43 1981

  58. [58]

    Fujikawa, Path Integral Measure for Gauge Invariant Fermion Theories, Phys

    K. Fujikawa, Path Integral Measure for Gauge Invariant Fermion Theories, Phys. Rev. Lett. 42 (1979) 1195–1198. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.1195

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.42.1195 1979

  59. [59]

    C. Vafa, E. Witten, Restrictions on Symmetry Breaking in Vector-Like Gauge Theories, Nucl. Phys. B234 (1984) 173–188. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(84)90230-X

    work page doi:10.1016/0550-3213(84)90230-x 1984

  60. [60]

    J. M. Pendlebury, et al., Revised experimental upper limit on the electric dipole moment of the neutron, Phys. Rev. D92 (9) (2015) 092003.arXiv:1509.04411, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.92.092003

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevd.92.092003 2015

  61. [61]

    Abel, et al., Measurement of the permanent electric dipole moment of the neutron, Phys

    C. Abel, et al., Measurement of the permanent electric dipole moment of the neutron, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 (2020) 081803. arXiv:2001.11966, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.081803

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.124.081803 2020

  62. [62]

    B. W. Filippone, Worldwide Search for the Neutron EDM, in: 13th Conference on the Intersections of Particle and Nuclear Physics (CIPANP 2018) Palm Springs, California, USA, May 29-June 3, 2018, 2018.arXiv:1810.03718

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  63. [63]

    Baluni, CP Violating Effects in QCD, Phys

    V. Baluni, CP Violating Effects in QCD, Phys. Rev. D19 (1979) 2227–2230.doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.19.2227

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.19.2227 1979

  64. [64]

    R. J. Crewther, P. Di Vecchia, G. Veneziano, E. Witten, Chiral Estimate of the Electric Dipole Moment of the Neutron in Quantum Chromodynamics, Phys. Lett. 88B (1979) 123, [Erratum: Phys. Lett.91B,487(1980)]. doi: 10.1016/0370-2693(80)91025-4,10.1016/0370-2693(79)90128-X

    work page doi:10.1016/0370-2693(80)91025-4 1979

  65. [65]

    A. Pich, E. de Rafael, Strong CP violation in an effective chiral Lagrangian approach, Nucl. Phys. B367 (1991) 313–333. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(91)90019-T

    work page doi:10.1016/0550-3213(91)90019-t 1991

  66. [66]

    Theta Vacua, QCD Sum Rules, and the Neutron Electric Dipole Moment

    M. Pospelov, A. Ritz, Theta vacua, QCD sum rules, and the neutron electric dipole moment, Nucl. Phys. B573 (2000) 177–200. arXiv:hep-ph/9908508, doi:10.1016/S0550-3213(99)00817-2

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/s0550-3213(99)00817-2 2000

  67. [67]

    Neutron electric dipole moment from gauge/string duality

    L. Bartolini, F. Bigazzi, S. Bolognesi, A. L. Cotrone, A. Manenti, Neutron electric dipole moment from gauge/string duality, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (9) (2017) 091601.arXiv:1609.09513, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.091601. 128

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevlett.118.091601 2017

  68. [68]

    On Lattice Calculation of Electric Dipole Moments and Form Factors of the Nucleon

    M. Abramczyk, S. Aoki, T. Blum, T. Izubuchi, H. Ohki, S. Syritsyn, Lattice calculation of electric dipole moments and form factors of the nucleon, Phys. Rev. D96 (1) (2017) 014501.arXiv:1701.07792, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.96.014501

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevd.96.014501 2017

  69. [69]

    Dragos, T

    J. Dragos, T. Luu, A. Shindler, J. de Vries, A. Yousif, Confirming the Existence of the strong CP Problem in Lattice QCD with the Gradient Flow (2019).arXiv:1902.03254

    work page arXiv 2019

  70. [70]

    Electric dipole moments as probes of new physics

    M. Pospelov, A. Ritz, Electric dipole moments as probes of new physics, Annals Phys. 318 (2005) 119–169.arXiv: hep-ph/0504231, doi:10.1016/j.aop.2005.04.002

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.aop.2005.04.002 2005

  71. [71]

    Pospelov, A

    M. Pospelov, A. Ritz, ProbingCP violation with electric dipole moments, Adv. Ser. Direct. High Energy Phys. 20 (2009) 439–518. doi:10.1142/9789814271844_0013

    work page doi:10.1142/9789814271844_0013 2009

  72. [72]

    V. V. Flambaum, M. Pospelov, A. Ritz, Y. V. Stadnik, Sensitivity of EDM experiments in paramagnetic atoms and molecules to hadronic CP violation. (2019).arXiv:1912.13129

    work page arXiv 2019

  73. [73]

    doi:10.1016/0550-3213(79) 90297-9

    J.R.Ellis, M.K.Gaillard, StrongandWeakCPViolation, Nucl.Phys.B150(1979)141–162. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(79) 90297-9

    work page doi:10.1016/0550-3213(79 1979

  74. [74]

    I. B. Khriplovich, A. I. Vainshtein, Infinite renormalization of Theta term and Jarlskog invariant for CP violation, Nucl. Phys. B414 (1994) 27–32.arXiv:hep-ph/9308334, doi:10.1016/0550-3213(94)90419-7

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/0550-3213(94)90419-7 1994

  75. [75]

    Jarlskog, Commutator of the Quark Mass Matrices in the Standard Electroweak Model and a Measure of Maximal CP Violation, Phys

    C. Jarlskog, Commutator of the Quark Mass Matrices in the Standard Electroweak Model and a Measure of Maximal CP Violation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 (1985) 1039.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.1039

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.55.1039 1985

  76. [76]

    J. E. Kim, D. Y. Mo, S. Nam, Final state interaction phases obtained by data from CP asymmetries, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 66 (6) (2015) 894–899.arXiv:1402.2978, doi:10.3938/jkps.66.894

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3938/jkps.66.894 2015

  77. [77]

    I. B. Khriplovich, Quark Electric Dipole Moment and Inducedθ Term in the Kobayashi-Maskawa Model, Phys. Lett. B173 (1986) 193–196, [Sov. J. Nucl. Phys.44,659(1986); Yad. Fiz.44,1019(1986)].doi:10.1016/0370-2693(86)90245-5

    work page doi:10.1016/0370-2693(86)90245-5 1986

  78. [78]

    Indirect Signs of the Peccei-Quinn Mechanism

    J. de Vries, P. Draper, K. Fuyuto, J. Kozaczuk, D. Sutherland, Indirect Signs of the Peccei-Quinn Mechanism, Phys. Rev. D99 (1) (2019) 015042.arXiv:1809.10143, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.99.015042

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevd.99.015042 2019

  79. [80]

    A possible anthropic solution to the Strong CP problem

    F. Takahashi, A possible solution to the strong CP problem, Prog. Theor. Phys. 121 (2009) 711–725.arXiv:0804.2478, doi:10.1143/PTP.121.711

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1143/ptp.121.711 2009

  80. [81]

    Landscaping the Strong CP Problem

    N. Kaloper, J. Terning, Landscaping the Strong CP Problem, JHEP 03 (2019) 032.arXiv:1710.01740, doi:10.1007/ JHEP03(2019)032

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019

Showing first 80 references.