Cosmological zoom-in simulations find that grain-grain shattering in diffuse ISM gas drives rising PAH mass fraction with time, naturally producing the observed PAH-metallicity relation and inverse qPAH-molecular gas trends.
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A model for cosmological simulations of galaxy formation physics
30 Pith papers cite this work, alongside 861 external citations. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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abstract
We present a new comprehensive model of the physics of galaxy formation designed for large-scale hydrodynamical simulations of structure formation using the moving mesh code AREPO. Our model includes primordial and metal line cooling with self-shielding corrections, stellar evolution and feedback processes, gas recycling, chemical enrichment, a novel subgrid model for the metal loading of outflows, black hole (BH) seeding, BH growth and merging procedures, quasar- and radio-mode feedback, and a prescription for radiative electro-magnetic (EM) feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN). The metal mass loading of outflows can be adjusted independently of the wind mass loading. This is required to simultaneously reproduce the stellar mass content of low mass haloes and their gas oxygen abundances. Radiative EM AGN feedback is implemented assuming an average spectral energy distribution and a luminosity-dependent scaling of obscuration effects. This form of feedback suppresses star formation more efficiently than continuous thermal quasar-mode feedback alone, but is less efficient than mechanical radio-mode feedback in regulating star formation in massive haloes. We contrast simulation predictions for different variants of our galaxy formation model with key observations. Our best match model reproduces, among other things, the cosmic star formation history, the stellar mass function, the stellar mass - halo mass relation, g-, r-, i-, z-band SDSS galaxy luminosity functions, and the Tully-Fisher relation. We can achieve this success only if we invoke very strong forms of stellar and AGN feedback such that star formation is adequately reduced in both low and high mass systems. In particular, the strength of radio-mode feedback needs to be increased significantly compared to previous studies to suppress efficient cooling in massive, metal-enriched haloes.
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Stacked JWST spectra show weak MZR slope evolution to z~5 with declining normalization, steeper MZR beyond z~5, and emerging shallow FMR anti-correlation by z~5.
Confirmation of 77 new heavily reddened quasars at 1.5 < z < 3.9 with high luminosities and extinctions, showing they are deficient in hot and warm dust relative to blue quasars and supporting a blow-out feedback phase.
Lumen modeling of IllustrisTNG50 shows that high ionization parameters from massive star clusters plus enhanced nitrogen abundances are needed to reproduce the extreme [OIII]/Hβ, [OIII]/[OII], and [NII]/Hα ratios seen in z>3 galaxies.
AuriGLOBES is a new subgrid model implemented in Auriga simulations that incorporates compressive tides and compact-object mass loss to transform an initial Schechter mass function into observed globular cluster populations while reproducing the GC system mass-halo mass relation.
A simulation-based procedure for cluster strong lensing that remaps uniform boxes and traces rays through resolved particles, finding uncorrelated line-of-sight structure shifts images by arcseconds and changes critical areas by 16+20-14 percent at zs=4.
ArkenstoneBH is a new subgrid model for the hot phase of black hole feedback that, in isolated galaxy tests, suppresses star formation by counteracting gas inflows from the circumgalactic medium.
NEFERTITI simulations show that the Milky Way's most metal-poor stars largely come from a handful of accreted massive dwarf galaxies, while reproducing the JWST Hebe galaxy at z~11 as a pure Population III system.
TNG50 MW analogues reproduce global soft X-ray luminosity, inner surface brightness, emission measure and O VII absorption but show too-steep radial decline in X-ray brightness and 65% lower O VIII absorption than observed, indicating overly central feedback.
Abundant early heavy seeds plus frequent mergers produce the massive black holes seen by JWST at z>9 and yield about four LISA events per year at z>=8.
Bursty stellar feedback produces systematically flatter metallicity gradients than smooth feedback in high-redshift galaxies across multiple simulation suites.
FIRE-3 cosmological simulations of Seyfert galaxies produce episodic AGN feedback and gas clearing but no clear anti-correlation between nuclear gas concentration and AGN luminosity, highlighting timing mismatches with observations.
TNG50 simulation analysis finds early-forming halos show higher stellar mass, metallicity, lower CGM gas mass and sSFR at z=0, with mass-dependent CGM metallicity reversal and cold-gas kinematics differences.
Presents 24 AREPO+IllustrisTNG zoom-in simulations of clusters above 10^15 solar masses showing converged magnetic fields with volume-averaged plasma beta approximately 100 inside R200 after z~1.2, declining Faraday rotation profiles, and intermittent Braginskii heating approaching cooling rates in
The TNG SAM reproduces TNG hydro simulation gas and metal flows plus galaxy and halo properties within 30% accuracy out to z=6 via five targeted updates to the Santa Cruz SAM calibrated on stellar feedback-dominated galaxies.
Lenient heavy-seed models in BRAHMA simulations produce black hole merger rates above 100 per year and near-unity occupation fractions down to low-mass galaxies, while strict models yield only about 1 merger per year and occupation fractions below 10 percent for galaxies under 10^8 solar masses.
Simulations show heavy-seed formation with BH-BH mergers or Bondi accretion under weak feedback can assemble 10^6-10^7 solar mass black holes at z greater than or equal to 9.
PRFM-vol and PRFM-int subgrid models, calibrated from TIGRESS, produce shorter gas depletion times than IllustrisTNG and match TIGRESS star formation rates at high resolution while remaining robust at lower resolutions.
In TNG50, compact dwarf satellites (log M_star 8.4-9.2) form via DM-rich gas inflows in low-merger environments, tidal stripping for DM-poor cases, and ram-pressure starbursts for some metal-rich ones.
Lumina runs a 500 cMpc radiation-hydrodynamic simulation combining IllustrisTNG galaxy formation with six-bin M1 radiation transport to predict late stellar-driven HI reionization ending around z=4.75 and AGN-driven HeII reionization nearly complete by z=3.
Multiple galaxy formation simulations show that low-mass quenched galaxies at z>3 are predominantly environmentally quenched satellites, often only temporarily so, and match JWST observations.
A large collaboration compiles and compares merger rate predictions for massive black holes across multiple galaxy formation models to forecast LISA detections and quantify uncertainties.
COLIBRE simulations match observed galaxy stellar mass functions, star formation rates, and quenched fractions from z=17 to z=0, including JWST massive quiescent galaxies at high redshift.
COLIBRE calibrates supernova and AGN feedback parameters in multi-phase ISM cosmological simulations using emulator-based fitting to reproduce the z=0 galaxy stellar mass function and size-stellar mass relation at three resolutions.
citing papers explorer
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The Lifecycle and Emission Properties of PAHs in Cosmological Hydrodynamic Galaxy Formation Simulations
Cosmological zoom-in simulations find that grain-grain shattering in diffuse ISM gas drives rising PAH mass fraction with time, naturally producing the observed PAH-metallicity relation and inverse qPAH-molecular gas trends.
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The JADES Mass-Metallicity and Fundamental Metallicity Relations at $z\gtrsim2$ Using New High-Redshift Metallicity Calibrations
Stacked JWST spectra show weak MZR slope evolution to z~5 with declining normalization, steeper MZR beyond z~5, and emerging shallow FMR anti-correlation by z~5.
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Hidden Monsters with SPHEREx I: A goldmine for heavily reddened quasars at cosmic noon
Confirmation of 77 new heavily reddened quasars at 1.5 < z < 3.9 with high luminosities and extinctions, showing they are deficient in hot and warm dust relative to blue quasars and supporting a blow-out feedback phase.
-
Origins of Extreme Emission-Line Ratios in z > 3 Galaxies: Insights from the Lumen Model
Lumen modeling of IllustrisTNG50 shows that high ionization parameters from massive star clusters plus enhanced nitrogen abundances are needed to reproduce the extreme [OIII]/Hβ, [OIII]/[OII], and [NII]/Hα ratios seen in z>3 galaxies.
-
Introducing AuriGLOBES: the effect of compressive tides, compact object-induced mass loss, and size evolution on modelling globular clusters
AuriGLOBES is a new subgrid model implemented in Auriga simulations that incorporates compressive tides and compact-object mass loss to transform an initial Schechter mass function into observed globular cluster populations while reproducing the GC system mass-halo mass relation.
-
A Consistent Implementation of Cluster Strong Lensing in Cosmological Simulation Light Cones
A simulation-based procedure for cluster strong lensing that remaps uniform boxes and traces rays through resolved particles, finding uncorrelated line-of-sight structure shifts images by arcseconds and changes critical areas by 16+20-14 percent at zs=4.
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ArkenstoneBH. A model for high-specific energy black hole feedback in cosmological simulations
ArkenstoneBH is a new subgrid model for the hot phase of black hole feedback that, in isolated galaxy tests, suppresses star formation by counteracting gas inflows from the circumgalactic medium.
-
NEFERTITI: Linking early galaxy formation to the assembly of the Milky Way
NEFERTITI simulations show that the Milky Way's most metal-poor stars largely come from a handful of accreted massive dwarf galaxies, while reproducing the JWST Hebe galaxy at z~11 as a pure Population III system.
-
Probing the Hot Gaseous Halos of Milky Way-like Galaxies in the TNG50 simulation
TNG50 MW analogues reproduce global soft X-ray luminosity, inner surface brightness, emission measure and O VII absorption but show too-steep radial decline in X-ray brightness and 65% lower O VIII absorption than observed, indicating overly central feedback.
-
First results of AMBRA: Abundant Seeds and Early Mergers as a Pathway to the First Massive Black Holes
Abundant early heavy seeds plus frequent mergers produce the massive black holes seen by JWST at z>9 and yield about four LISA events per year at z>=8.
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Metallicity Gradients in Modern Cosmological Simulations II: The Role of Bursty Versus Smooth Feedback at High-Redshift
Bursty stellar feedback produces systematically flatter metallicity gradients than smooth feedback in high-redshift galaxies across multiple simulation suites.
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Investigating black hole accretion and feedback self-regulation in Seyfert galaxies using the FIRE-3 cosmological hydrodynamic simulations
FIRE-3 cosmological simulations of Seyfert galaxies produce episodic AGN feedback and gas clearing but no clear anti-correlation between nuclear gas concentration and AGN luminosity, highlighting timing mismatches with observations.
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The dependence of Circumgalactic Medium properties on halo assembly histories in the IllustrisTNG simulations
TNG50 simulation analysis finds early-forming halos show higher stellar mass, metallicity, lower CGM gas mass and sSFR at z=0, with mass-dependent CGM metallicity reversal and cold-gas kinematics differences.
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The PICO-Cluster Project: presenting the galaxy cluster sample and studying magnetic field growth, Faraday rotation and Braginskii heating
Presents 24 AREPO+IllustrisTNG zoom-in simulations of clusters above 10^15 solar masses showing converged magnetic fields with volume-averaged plasma beta approximately 100 inside R200 after z~1.2, declining Faraday rotation profiles, and intermittent Braginskii heating approaching cooling rates in
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TNG SAM: Bridging Hydrodynamical Complexity and Semi-Analytic Efficiency to Model Galaxy Formation
The TNG SAM reproduces TNG hydro simulation gas and metal flows plus galaxy and halo properties within 30% accuracy out to z=6 via five targeted updates to the Santa Cruz SAM calibrated on stellar feedback-dominated galaxies.
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Supermassive Black Hole Assembly from Heavy Seeds with Dynamical Friction in the BRAHMA Simulations: Implications for JWST, LISA, and the Local Universe
Lenient heavy-seed models in BRAHMA simulations produce black hole merger rates above 100 per year and near-unity occupation fractions down to low-mass galaxies, while strict models yield only about 1 merger per year and occupation fractions below 10 percent for galaxies under 10^8 solar masses.
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Learning the Universe at High Redshifts: Impact of Accretion Modeling on Early Black Hole Growth
Simulations show heavy-seed formation with BH-BH mergers or Bondi accretion under weak feedback can assemble 10^6-10^7 solar mass black holes at z greater than or equal to 9.
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Pressure-regulated feedback-modulated star formation as a subgrid model for galaxy formation simulations
PRFM-vol and PRFM-int subgrid models, calibrated from TIGRESS, produce shorter gas depletion times than IllustrisTNG and match TIGRESS star formation rates at high resolution while remaining robust at lower resolutions.
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Satellite compaction pathways: environmental drivers shaping dwarf galaxy corpulence in the TNG50 simulation
In TNG50, compact dwarf satellites (log M_star 8.4-9.2) form via DM-rich gas inflows in low-merger environments, tidal stripping for DM-poor cases, and ram-pressure starbursts for some metal-rich ones.
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Introducing the Lumina project: large-volume radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of the epochs of hydrogen and helium reionization
Lumina runs a 500 cMpc radiation-hydrodynamic simulation combining IllustrisTNG galaxy formation with six-bin M1 radiation transport to predict late stellar-driven HI reionization ending around z=4.75 and AGN-driven HeII reionization nearly complete by z=3.
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Environmental Quenching of High-Redshift Galaxies: Interpreting JWST Observations with Simulations
Multiple galaxy formation simulations show that low-mass quenched galaxies at z>3 are predominantly environmentally quenched satellites, often only temporarily so, and match JWST observations.
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The LISA Astrophysics MBHcatalogues Project: A comparison of predictions of simulated massive black hole binaries
A large collaboration compiles and compares merger rate predictions for massive black holes across multiple galaxy formation models to forecast LISA detections and quantify uncertainties.
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The evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function and star formation rates in the COLIBRE simulations from redshift 17 to 0
COLIBRE simulations match observed galaxy stellar mass functions, star formation rates, and quenched fractions from z=17 to z=0, including JWST massive quiescent galaxies at high redshift.
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COLIBRE: calibrating subgrid feedback in cosmological simulations that include a cold gas phase
COLIBRE calibrates supernova and AGN feedback parameters in multi-phase ISM cosmological simulations using emulator-based fitting to reproduce the z=0 galaxy stellar mass function and size-stellar mass relation at three resolutions.
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The Lumina Project: Intergalactic Clumping and Recombination Sinks
Simulations show recombination-weighted clumping is systematically lower than density-based measures, density-only prescriptions overpredict rates by 1.29-1.84 depending on redshift, and a new phase-space clumping factor isolates thermal and ionization effects at fixed density.
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Learning the Universe with the 2nd Generation of CAMELS: Varying 35 parameters of the IllustrisTNG model in (50Mpc/h)^3 boxes
New CAMELS simulations in larger (50 Mpc/h)^3 boxes with 35 varied parameters produce tighter neural-network constraints on model parameters than prior smaller-volume runs, with public data release.
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Learning the Universe: Constrained simulations of the Coma galaxy cluster -- I. Radial X-ray and Compton-y signatures
50 constrained simulations of Coma cluster analogues reproduce the observed radial X-ray surface brightness and Compton-y profiles within the scatter expected from environment and assembly history.
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COSMOS-Web: Galaxy Size and Surface Brightness Evolution at Rest-Frame 1.22 $\mu$m Since $z=3$
Star-forming galaxies show R_e,J ∝ (1+z)^(-0.92) and μ_J evolution with γ=3.07 while quiescent galaxies evolve faster (β=-1.34, γ=3.70) at fixed stellar mass, with evolution driven by luminosity and size changes.
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The Lumina Project: CMB Optical Depth Fluctuations from Patchy Reionization
The Lumina simulation shows that explicit light-cone integrations produce a CMB optical depth 7% higher than volume-weighted ionization histories, with the excess accumulating near redshift 8 and mass-weighted estimates capturing most of the difference.
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Self-regulated galaxy evolution within a self-consistently varying galaxy-wide IMF
A metallicity- and SFR-dependent galaxy-wide IMF in semi-analytical models reproduces the mass-metallicity relation and quenched ellipticals more accurately than constant-IMF models, with self-regulation set by gas accretion rates near the Hubble constant.