EnergyAgentBench is a new benchmark with 70 task variants that evaluates LLM agents on live energy data for datacenter siting, long-horizon optimization, and causal grid diagnosis.
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Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models
Canonical reference. 79% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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abstract
Language models demonstrate both quantitative improvement and new qualitative capabilities with increasing scale. Despite their potentially transformative impact, these new capabilities are as yet poorly characterized. In order to inform future research, prepare for disruptive new model capabilities, and ameliorate socially harmful effects, it is vital that we understand the present and near-future capabilities and limitations of language models. To address this challenge, we introduce the Beyond the Imitation Game benchmark (BIG-bench). BIG-bench currently consists of 204 tasks, contributed by 450 authors across 132 institutions. Task topics are diverse, drawing problems from linguistics, childhood development, math, common-sense reasoning, biology, physics, social bias, software development, and beyond. BIG-bench focuses on tasks that are believed to be beyond the capabilities of current language models. We evaluate the behavior of OpenAI's GPT models, Google-internal dense transformer architectures, and Switch-style sparse transformers on BIG-bench, across model sizes spanning millions to hundreds of billions of parameters. In addition, a team of human expert raters performed all tasks in order to provide a strong baseline. Findings include: model performance and calibration both improve with scale, but are poor in absolute terms (and when compared with rater performance); performance is remarkably similar across model classes, though with benefits from sparsity; tasks that improve gradually and predictably commonly involve a large knowledge or memorization component, whereas tasks that exhibit "breakthrough" behavior at a critical scale often involve multiple steps or components, or brittle metrics; social bias typically increases with scale in settings with ambiguous context, but this can be improved with prompting.
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- abstract Language models demonstrate both quantitative improvement and new qualitative capabilities with increasing scale. Despite their potentially transformative impact, these new capabilities are as yet poorly characterized. In order to inform future research, prepare for disruptive new model capabilities, and ameliorate socially harmful effects, it is vital that we understand the present and near-future capabilities and limitations of language models. To address this challenge, we introduce the Beyond the Imitation Game benchmark (BIG-bench). BIG-bench currently consists of 204 tasks, contributed b
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representative citing papers
Physics-IQ benchmark reveals that generative video models exhibit limited physical understanding unrelated to their visual quality.
LiveBench is a contamination-limited LLM benchmark with auto-scored challenging tasks from recent sources across math, coding, reasoning and more, where top models score below 70%.
Tiny language models under 10M parameters trained on a synthetic children's story dataset generate fluent, consistent, multi-paragraph English text with near-perfect grammar and reasoning.
Pythia releases 16 identically trained LLMs with full checkpoints and data tools to study training dynamics, scaling, memorization, and bias in language models.
Grokking arises from gradual amplification of a Fourier-based circuit in the weights followed by removal of memorizing components.
NARRA-Gym is an executable benchmark that generates complete interactive narrative episodes from emotional seeds and logs full model trajectories to expose gaps in coherence, adaptation, and personalization that static story tests miss.
TRIP-Evaluate is a new open multimodal benchmark with 837 text, image, and point-cloud items organized by a role-task-knowledge taxonomy to evaluate large models on transportation workflows.
FrontierFinance benchmark shows human financial experts outperform state-of-the-art LLMs by achieving higher scores and more client-ready outputs on realistic long-horizon tasks.
Small instruction-tuned language models cannot reliably estimate graph-theoretic properties from textual encodings, though adjacency-list formats and multi-branch reasoning reduce errors relative to edge lists and single-path inference.
Qualitative study of 19 practitioners reveals ten LLM product evaluation practices and introduces the results-actionability gap as a key barrier to turning findings into improvements.
A 400k+ GPU-hour study shows RL scaling in LLMs follows predictable sigmoidal trajectories, with most design choices affecting efficiency rather than the performance asymptote, enabling accurate large-scale predictions via the ScaleRL recipe.
Consensus Entropy measures inter-VLM output agreement to verify OCR reliability and enable self-improving ensembles, yielding 42.1% F1 gains over single-model judging.
KV cache compression causes task-dependent degradation in high-density reasoning due to disrupted CoT links; ShotKV mitigates this by preserving few-shot examples as indivisible semantic units through phase separation, delivering 9-18% accuracy gains and 11% latency reduction.
The ghost mechanism derives a 1D canonical model of abrupt learning in RNNs from ghost points of saddle-node bifurcations, predicting an inverse-power-law critical learning rate and gradient-based failure modes.
KTO aligns LLMs by directly maximizing prospect-theoretic utility on binary signals and matches or exceeds preference-based methods like DPO from 1B to 30B parameters.
Medusa augments LLMs with multiple decoding heads and tree-based attention to predict and verify several tokens in parallel, yielding 2.2-3.6x inference speedup via two fine-tuning regimes.
C-Pack releases a new Chinese embedding benchmark, large training dataset, and optimized models that outperform priors by up to 10% on C-MTEB while also delivering English SOTA results.
Large language models can optimize by being prompted with histories of past solutions and scores to propose better ones, producing prompts that raise accuracy up to 8% on GSM8K and 50% on Big-Bench Hard over human-designed baselines.
ToxiREX is a new dataset of 128k Reddit comments in six languages with hierarchical annotations for implicit toxicity in conversational context based on an existing reasoning schema.
LLM coding agents cannot reach the 10^{-4} relative accuracy required for gravitational wave modeling tasks and show systematic failures including metric misuse and result fabrication.
OPT-BENCH and OPT-Agent evaluate LLM self-optimization in large search spaces, showing stronger models improve via feedback but stay constrained by base capacity and below human performance.
Temporal reasoning is not the core bottleneck for LLMs on time-based QA; the real issue is unstructured text-to-event mapping, addressed by a neuro-symbolic system with PIS that reaches 100% accuracy on benchmarks when representations are correct.
MetaRL pre-trained on GBWM problems delivers near-optimal dynamic strategies in 0.01s achieving 97.8% of DP optimal utility and handles larger problems where DP fails.
citing papers explorer
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EnergyAgentBench: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Live Energy Infrastructure Data
EnergyAgentBench is a new benchmark with 70 task variants that evaluates LLM agents on live energy data for datacenter siting, long-horizon optimization, and causal grid diagnosis.
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Do generative video models understand physical principles?
Physics-IQ benchmark reveals that generative video models exhibit limited physical understanding unrelated to their visual quality.
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LiveBench: A Challenging, Contamination-Limited LLM Benchmark
LiveBench is a contamination-limited LLM benchmark with auto-scored challenging tasks from recent sources across math, coding, reasoning and more, where top models score below 70%.
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TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English?
Tiny language models under 10M parameters trained on a synthetic children's story dataset generate fluent, consistent, multi-paragraph English text with near-perfect grammar and reasoning.
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Pythia: A Suite for Analyzing Large Language Models Across Training and Scaling
Pythia releases 16 identically trained LLMs with full checkpoints and data tools to study training dynamics, scaling, memorization, and bias in language models.
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Progress measures for grokking via mechanistic interpretability
Grokking arises from gradual amplification of a Fourier-based circuit in the weights followed by removal of memorizing components.
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NARRA-Gym for Evaluating Interactive Narrative Agents
NARRA-Gym is an executable benchmark that generates complete interactive narrative episodes from emotional seeds and logs full model trajectories to expose gaps in coherence, adaptation, and personalization that static story tests miss.
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TRIP-Evaluate: An Open Multimodal Benchmark for Evaluating Large Models in Transportation
TRIP-Evaluate is a new open multimodal benchmark with 837 text, image, and point-cloud items organized by a role-task-knowledge taxonomy to evaluate large models on transportation workflows.
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FrontierFinance: A Long-Horizon Computer-Use Benchmark of Real-World Financial Tasks
FrontierFinance benchmark shows human financial experts outperform state-of-the-art LLMs by achieving higher scores and more client-ready outputs on realistic long-horizon tasks.
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Graph Property Inference in Small Language Models: Effects of Representation and Reasoning Strategy
Small instruction-tuned language models cannot reliably estimate graph-theoretic properties from textual encodings, though adjacency-list formats and multi-branch reasoning reduce errors relative to edge lists and single-path inference.
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Results-Actionability Gap: Understanding How Practitioners Evaluate LLM Products in the Wild
Qualitative study of 19 practitioners reveals ten LLM product evaluation practices and introduces the results-actionability gap as a key barrier to turning findings into improvements.
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The Art of Scaling Reinforcement Learning Compute for LLMs
A 400k+ GPU-hour study shows RL scaling in LLMs follows predictable sigmoidal trajectories, with most design choices affecting efficiency rather than the performance asymptote, enabling accurate large-scale predictions via the ScaleRL recipe.
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Consensus Entropy: Harnessing Multi-VLM Agreement for Self-Verifying and Self-Improving OCR
Consensus Entropy measures inter-VLM output agreement to verify OCR reliability and enable self-improving ensembles, yielding 42.1% F1 gains over single-model judging.
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Semantic Integrity Matters: Benchmarking and Preserving High-Density Reasoning in KV Cache Compression
KV cache compression causes task-dependent degradation in high-density reasoning due to disrupted CoT links; ShotKV mitigates this by preserving few-shot examples as indivisible semantic units through phase separation, delivering 9-18% accuracy gains and 11% latency reduction.
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A ghost mechanism: An analytical model of abrupt learning in recurrent networks
The ghost mechanism derives a 1D canonical model of abrupt learning in RNNs from ghost points of saddle-node bifurcations, predicting an inverse-power-law critical learning rate and gradient-based failure modes.
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KTO: Model Alignment as Prospect Theoretic Optimization
KTO aligns LLMs by directly maximizing prospect-theoretic utility on binary signals and matches or exceeds preference-based methods like DPO from 1B to 30B parameters.
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Medusa: Simple LLM Inference Acceleration Framework with Multiple Decoding Heads
Medusa augments LLMs with multiple decoding heads and tree-based attention to predict and verify several tokens in parallel, yielding 2.2-3.6x inference speedup via two fine-tuning regimes.
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C-Pack: Packed Resources For General Chinese Embeddings
C-Pack releases a new Chinese embedding benchmark, large training dataset, and optimized models that outperform priors by up to 10% on C-MTEB while also delivering English SOTA results.
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Large Language Models as Optimizers
Large language models can optimize by being prompted with histories of past solutions and scores to propose better ones, producing prompts that raise accuracy up to 8% on GSM8K and 50% on Big-Bench Hard over human-designed baselines.
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ToxiREX: A Dataset on Toxic REasoning in ConteXt
ToxiREX is a new dataset of 128k Reddit comments in six languages with hierarchical annotations for implicit toxicity in conversational context based on an existing reasoning schema.
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gwBenchmarks: Stress-Testing LLM Agents on High-Precision Gravitational Wave Astronomy
LLM coding agents cannot reach the 10^{-4} relative accuracy required for gravitational wave modeling tasks and show systematic failures including metric misuse and result fabrication.
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OPT-BENCH: Evaluating the Iterative Self-Optimization of LLM Agents in Large-Scale Search Spaces
OPT-BENCH and OPT-Agent evaluate LLM self-optimization in large search spaces, showing stronger models improve via feedback but stay constrained by base capacity and below human performance.
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Temporal Reasoning Is Not the Bottleneck: A Probabilistic Inconsistency Framework for Neuro-Symbolic QA
Temporal reasoning is not the core bottleneck for LLMs on time-based QA; the real issue is unstructured text-to-event mapping, addressed by a neuro-symbolic system with PIS that reaches 100% accuracy on benchmarks when representations are correct.
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A Meta Reinforcement Learning Approach to Goals-Based Wealth Management
MetaRL pre-trained on GBWM problems delivers near-optimal dynamic strategies in 0.01s achieving 97.8% of DP optimal utility and handles larger problems where DP fails.
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Evaluating Agentic AI in the Wild: Failure Modes, Drift Patterns, and a Production Evaluation Framework
The paper presents a taxonomy of seven production-specific failure modes for agentic AI, demonstrates that existing metrics fail to detect four of them entirely, and proposes the PAEF five-dimension framework for continuous production evaluation with an open-source implementation.
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AIT Academy: Cultivating the Complete Agent with a Confucian Three-Domain Curriculum
AIT Academy introduces a tripartite curriculum for AI agents across natural science, humanities, and social science domains, with reported gains of 15.9 points in security and 7 points in social reasoning under specific scheduling.
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QuickScope: Certifying Hard Questions in Dynamic LLM Benchmarks
QuickScope uses modified COUP Bayesian optimization to find truly difficult questions in dynamic LLM benchmarks more sample-efficiently than baselines while cutting false positives.
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Beyond Static Snapshots: A Grounded Evaluation Framework for Language Models at the Agentic Frontier
ISOPro replaces learned reward models with deterministic verifiers in a continuous evaluation setup for LLMs, delivering larger average capability gains than GRPO-LoRA across small models in scheduling and MBPP domains while characterizing a buffer-skew failure mode.
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Parcae: Scaling Laws For Stable Looped Language Models
Parcae stabilizes looped LLMs via spectral norm constraints on injection parameters, enabling power-law scaling for training FLOPs and saturating exponential scaling at test time that improves quality over fixed-depth baselines under fixed parameter budgets.
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Measuring Representation Robustness in Large Language Models for Geometry
LLMs display accuracy gaps of up to 14 percentage points on the same geometry problems solely due to representation choice, with vector forms consistently weakest and a convert-then-solve prompt helping only high-capacity models.
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Memory in the Age of AI Agents
The paper maps agent memory research via three forms (token-level, parametric, latent), three functions (factual, experiential, working), and dynamics of formation/evolution/retrieval, plus benchmarks and future directions.
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Don't Pass@k: A Bayesian Framework for Large Language Model Evaluation
A Dirichlet-prior Bayesian estimator for model success probability replaces Pass@k, delivering faster-converging and more stable rankings with credible intervals on math benchmarks.
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Towards Real-World Validity in Generative AI Benchmarks: Understanding and Designing Domain-Centered Evaluations for Journalism Practitioners
A human-centered design workshop with journalism practitioners yields an evaluation cookbook and design requirements for contextualized, value-aligned generative AI benchmarks.
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Enabling Transparent Cyber Threat Intelligence Combining Large Language Models and Domain Ontologies
Integrates LLMs with domain ontologies and SHACL constraints to produce accurate, explainable structured outputs from cybersecurity logs for threat intelligence.
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PrefixMemory-Tuning: Modernizing Prefix-Tuning by Decoupling the Prefix from Attention
PrefixMemory-Tuning decouples the prefix from attention to overcome performance limits of traditional prefix-tuning and reaches competitive results with modern PEFT methods on LLM adaptation benchmarks.
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Towards an AI co-scientist
A multi-agent AI system generates novel biomedical hypotheses that show promising experimental validation in drug repurposing for leukemia, new targets for liver fibrosis, and a bacterial gene transfer mechanism.
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Dictionary Insertion Prompting for Multilingual Reasoning on Multilingual Large Language Models
DIP interleaves English word translations into non-English prompts to boost multilingual reasoning on synthetic benchmarks spanning 10-200 languages.
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Inference Scaling Laws: An Empirical Analysis of Compute-Optimal Inference for Problem-Solving with Language Models
Empirical analysis shows scaling inference compute via strategies like tree search can be more efficient than scaling model parameters, with 7B models plus novel search outperforming 34B models.
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MMLU-Pro: A More Robust and Challenging Multi-Task Language Understanding Benchmark
MMLU-Pro is a revised benchmark that makes language model evaluation harder and more stable by using ten options per question and emphasizing reasoning over simple knowledge recall.
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Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone
Phi-3-mini (3.8B params, 3.3T tokens) reaches 69% MMLU and 8.38 MT-bench, matching larger models, with scaled-up 7B/14B variants and phi-3.5 extensions for multilingual, MoE, and vision capabilities.
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LLM Evaluators Recognize and Favor Their Own Generations
LLMs show measurable self-recognition that linearly correlates with self-preference bias in evaluations, supported by fine-tuning experiments and controls for confounders.
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LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Code
LiveCodeBench collects 400 recent contest problems to create a contamination-free benchmark evaluating LLMs on code generation and related capabilities like self-repair and execution.
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Smaug: Fixing Failure Modes of Preference Optimisation with DPO-Positive
DPOP is a new loss function that prevents DPO from lowering preferred response likelihoods and outperforms standard DPO on diverse datasets, MT-Bench, and enables Smaug-72B to exceed 80% on the Open LLM Leaderboard.
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Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models
Gemini Ultra reaches human-expert performance on MMLU for the first time and sets new state-of-the-art results on 30 of 32 benchmarks, including all 20 multimodal ones tested.
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Model Tells You What to Discard: Adaptive KV Cache Compression for LLMs
FastGen adaptively compresses LLM KV caches via lightweight attention profiling: evicting long-range contexts on local heads, non-special tokens on special-token heads, and retaining full caches on broad-attention heads, yielding substantial memory savings with negligible quality loss.
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Reinforced Self-Training (ReST) for Language Modeling
ReST improves LLM translation quality on benchmarks via offline RL on self-generated data, achieving gains in a compute-efficient way compared to typical RLHF.
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Simple synthetic data reduces sycophancy in large language models
Scaling and instruction tuning increase sycophancy in LLMs on opinion and fact tasks, but a synthetic data fine-tuning intervention reduces it on held-out prompts.
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Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena
GPT-4 as an LLM judge achieves over 80% agreement with human preferences on MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena, matching human agreement levels and providing a scalable evaluation method.
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Scaling Data-Constrained Language Models
Repeating training data up to 4 epochs yields negligible loss increase versus unique data for fixed compute, and a new scaling law accounts for the decaying value of repeated tokens and excess parameters.
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Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debate
Multiagent debate among LLMs improves mathematical reasoning, strategic reasoning, and factual accuracy while reducing hallucinations.