New parton-shower algorithm that exactly reproduces linearized EKT dynamics for jet thermalization including recoils, holes, quantum statistics and merging.
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Heavy Ion Collisions: The Big Picture, and the Big Questions
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abstract
Heavy ion collisions quickly form a droplet of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) with a remarkably small viscosity. We give an accessible introduction to how to study this smallest and hottest droplet of liquid made on earth and why it is so interesting. The physics of heavy ions ranges from highly energetic quarks and gluons described by perturbative QCD to a bath of strongly interacting gluons at lower energy scales. These gluons quickly thermalize and form QGP, while the energetic partons traverse this plasma and end in a shower of particles called jets. Analyzing the final particles in a variety of different ways allows us to study the properties of QGP and the complex dynamics of multi-scale processes in QCD which govern its formation and evolution, providing what is perhaps the simplest form of complex quantum matter that we know of. Much remains to be understood, and throughout the review big open questions will be encountered.
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In large-Nc and harmonic oscillator limits, medium-induced splittings are computed analytically double-differential in z and θ, with an improved semi-hard approximation validated for high-energy partons.
First measurement of the nuclear modification factor R_AA in OO collisions at 5.36 TeV shows suppression with a minimum of 0.69 at p_T around 6 GeV, favoring models with parton energy loss.
First measurements of v_n (n=2-4) in 5.36 TeV O+O and Ne+Ne collisions show enhanced v2 in central neon collisions consistent with prolate nuclear deformation.
Introduces a new thermodynamic state function enabling computation of high-order temperature fluctuations in hot QCD matter from heavy-ion collision data, predicting strong suppression and negative skewness in the QGP phase.
Principal component analysis of spectral fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions yields thermal and geometric normal modes that explain 99.5% of variance and account for measured flow observables v0(pT) and v02(pT).
A data-driven method is introduced to quantify contamination effects from light-ion beam transmutation using time-dependent control regions and a simple illustrative model.
Energy-energy correlators in heavy-ion collisions exhibit classical hydrodynamic scaling from collective flow at large angles within the small-angle regime, collective modes at smaller angles, and light-ray OPE at even smaller angles.
STAR reports 20% suppression of recoiling hadrons and jets in high-event-activity O+O collisions at 200 GeV, with a measured 0.7 GeV/c pT shift for large-radius jets, providing evidence for jet quenching in small systems.
In a rigidly rotating free Fermi gas, the relativistic Barnett effect produces different Fermi energies for spin-up and spin-down fermions, leading to a moment of inertia that scales as 1/T at high temperature, analogous to the Curie law.
Volume variation with multiplicity in ultracentral collisions is small when total entropy scales with nuclear mass number, as shown by relating it to initial density fluctuation profiles.
Minijet thermalization time in a thermal gluon plasma scales with the jet quenching parameter q-hat once recoiling medium contributions are added to standard transport coefficient definitions.
Coupled BDNK MHD evolution in boost-invariant flow enhances cooling and suppresses the low-mass dilepton spectrum via magnetic-thermal feedback.
Bayesian posteriors from JETSCAPE jet-quenching model are largely compatible across centrality but exhibit shifts across beam energy and observable class, with varying ability to predict complementary datasets.
Electrical conductivity of QGP is estimated above deconfinement temperature via quasiparticle quarks and Gribov gluons in relaxation-time approximation, showing agreement with lattice QCD.
ALICE observes strong suppression of associated hadron yields per trigger photon in central Pb-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV, extending the kinematic reach of photon-hadron correlation measurements.
Calculations of excitation functions, momentum spectra, and transparency ratios for χ_c1(1P) on 12C and 184W nuclei demonstrate sensitivity to different absorption cross-section scenarios, proposed for extraction via future CEBAF data.
An expanding fire-cylinder model fitted to pion pT spectra describes spectra of other light hadrons and qualitatively matches their elliptic flow in peripheral Au+Au collisions at BES energies.
Light-ion collisions at the LHC provide evidence of quark-gluon plasma formation in small systems, bridging proton-proton and heavy-ion regimes.
The statistical hadronization model successfully describes hadron production in nuclear collisions over broad energies, with implications for QCD phase structure.
citing papers explorer
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Deriving a parton shower for jet thermalization in QCD plasmas
New parton-shower algorithm that exactly reproduces linearized EKT dynamics for jet thermalization including recoils, holes, quantum statistics and merging.
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Full energy fraction and angular dependence of medium-induced splittings in the large-$N_c$ limit
In large-Nc and harmonic oscillator limits, medium-induced splittings are computed analytically double-differential in z and θ, with an improved semi-hard approximation validated for high-energy partons.
-
Observation of suppressed charged-particle production in ultrarelativistic oxygen-oxygen collisions
First measurement of the nuclear modification factor R_AA in OO collisions at 5.36 TeV shows suppression with a minimum of 0.69 at p_T around 6 GeV, favoring models with parton energy loss.
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Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.36$ TeV $^{16}$O$+^{16}$O and $^{20}$Ne$+^{20}$Ne collisions with the ATLAS detector
First measurements of v_n (n=2-4) in 5.36 TeV O+O and Ne+Ne collisions show enhanced v2 in central neon collisions consistent with prolate nuclear deformation.
-
High-order fluctuations of temperature in hot QCD matter
Introduces a new thermodynamic state function enabling computation of high-order temperature fluctuations in hot QCD matter from heavy-ion collision data, predicting strong suppression and negative skewness in the QGP phase.
-
Thermal and geometric normal modes of spectral fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions
Principal component analysis of spectral fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions yields thermal and geometric normal modes that explain 99.5% of variance and account for measured flow observables v0(pT) and v02(pT).
-
Data-driven method to estimate contamination from light ion beam transmutation at colliders
A data-driven method is introduced to quantify contamination effects from light-ion beam transmutation using time-dependent control regions and a simple illustrative model.
-
Hydrodynamics and Energy Correlators
Energy-energy correlators in heavy-ion collisions exhibit classical hydrodynamic scaling from collective flow at large angles within the small-angle regime, collective modes at smaller angles, and light-ray OPE at even smaller angles.
-
Measurement of jet quenching in O+O collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}=200$ GeV by the STAR experiment at RHIC
STAR reports 20% suppression of recoiling hadrons and jets in high-event-activity O+O collisions at 200 GeV, with a measured 0.7 GeV/c pT shift for large-radius jets, providing evidence for jet quenching in small systems.
-
Relativistic Barnett effect and Curie law in a rigidly rotating free Fermi gas
In a rigidly rotating free Fermi gas, the relativistic Barnett effect produces different Fermi energies for spin-up and spin-down fermions, leading to a moment of inertia that scales as 1/T at high temperature, analogous to the Curie law.
-
The size of the quark-gluon plasma in ultracentral collisions: impact of initial density fluctuations on the average transverse momentum
Volume variation with multiplicity in ultracentral collisions is small when total entropy scales with nuclear mass number, as shown by relating it to initial density fluctuation profiles.
-
Minijet thermalization and jet transport coefficients in QCD kinetic theory
Minijet thermalization time in a thermal gluon plasma scales with the jet quenching parameter q-hat once recoiling medium contributions are added to standard transport coefficient definitions.
-
Relativistic BDNK MHD Evolution in a Boost-Invariant Medium and Its Impact on Dilepton Production
Coupled BDNK MHD evolution in boost-invariant flow enhances cooling and suppresses the low-mass dilepton spectrum via magnetic-thermal feedback.
-
Bayesian inference constraints on jet quenching across centrality, beam energy, and observable classes in LHC heavy-ion collisions
Bayesian posteriors from JETSCAPE jet-quenching model are largely compatible across centrality but exhibit shifts across beam energy and observable class, with varying ability to predict complementary datasets.
-
Electrical conductivity of QGP with quasiparticle quarks and Gribov gluon
Electrical conductivity of QGP is estimated above deconfinement temperature via quasiparticle quarks and Gribov gluons in relaxation-time approximation, showing agreement with lattice QCD.
-
Measurement of isolated-prompt photon$-$hadron correlations in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\mathbf{\sqrt{\textit{s}_{\rm NN}} = 5.02}$ TeV
ALICE observes strong suppression of associated hadron yields per trigger photon in central Pb-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV, extending the kinematic reach of photon-hadron correlation measurements.
-
Absorption of 1$P$-wave heavy charmonium $\chi_{c1}(1P)$ in nuclei
Calculations of excitation functions, momentum spectra, and transparency ratios for χ_c1(1P) on 12C and 184W nuclei demonstrate sensitivity to different absorption cross-section scenarios, proposed for extraction via future CEBAF data.
-
Spectra and elliptic flow of light hadrons in an expanding fire-cylinder model for the RHIC Beam Energy Scan
An expanding fire-cylinder model fitted to pion pT spectra describes spectra of other light hadrons and qualitatively matches their elliptic flow in peripheral Au+Au collisions at BES energies.
-
Light-Ion Collisions: Bridging Small and Large QCD Systems
Light-ion collisions at the LHC provide evidence of quark-gluon plasma formation in small systems, bridging proton-proton and heavy-ion regimes.
-
Statistical hadronization: successes and some open issues
The statistical hadronization model successfully describes hadron production in nuclear collisions over broad energies, with implications for QCD phase structure.
- Quantum simulating multi-particle processes in high energy nuclear physics: dijet production and color (de)coherence