In Einstein-scalar-Maxwell theories, charged compact binaries produce gravitational waveforms containing a leading -1 post-Newtonian dipole correction controlled by one deviation parameter b.
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GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State
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abstract
On 17 August 2017, the LIGO and Virgo observatories made the first direct detection of gravitational waves from the coalescence of a neutron star binary system. The detection of this gravitational-wave signal, GW170817, offers a novel opportunity to directly probe the properties of matter at the extreme conditions found in the interior of these stars. The initial, minimal-assumption analysis of the LIGO and Virgo data placed constraints on the tidal effects of the coalescing bodies, which were then translated to constraints on neutron star radii. Here, we expand upon previous analyses by working under the hypothesis that both bodies were neutron stars that are described by the same equation of state and have spins within the range observed in Galactic binary neutron stars. Our analysis employs two methods: the use of equation-of-state-insensitive relations between various macroscopic properties of the neutron stars and the use of an efficient parametrization of the defining function $p(\rho)$ of the equation of state itself. From the LIGO and Virgo data alone and the first method, we measure the two neutron star radii as $R_1=10.8^{+2.0}_{-1.7}$ km for the heavier star and $R_2= 10.7^{+2.1}_{-1.5}$ km for the lighter star at the 90% credible level. If we additionally require that the equation of state supports neutron stars with masses larger than $1.97 \,M_\odot$ as required from electromagnetic observations and employ the equation-of-state parametrization, we further constrain $R_1= 11.9^{+1.4}_{-1.4}$ km and $R_2= 11.9^{+1.4}_{-1.4}$ km at the 90% credible level. Finally, we obtain constraints on $p(\rho)$ at supranuclear densities, with pressure at twice nuclear saturation density measured at $3.5^{+2.7}_{-1.7}\times 10^{34} \,\mathrm{dyn}/\mathrm{cm}^{2}$ at the 90% level.
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representative citing papers
Ratio-Filter Dechirping converts gravitational-wave matched filtering from a memory-bound FFT into a cache-efficient FIR convolution, delivering a measured 8x speedup in the core loop.
LIGO and Virgo detected 39 compact binary coalescence events in O3a, including 13 new ones, with black hole binaries up to 150 solar masses and the first significantly asymmetric mass ratios.
Tidal Love numbers of regular black holes are generically nonzero, model-dependent, and can acquire logarithmic scale dependence at higher perturbative orders.
New quasi-universal relations connect static tidal deformability Λ⁰ to its dynamical correction Λ² and to Mω* with equation-of-state scatter below 5% and 2.8% respectively across 59 models.
A renormalization-group invariant mean-field treatment of the Parity-Doublet Model is developed that consistently includes baryonic vacuum fluctuations and is used to study chiral symmetry restoration in two-flavor nuclear and neutron-star matter for chosen values of the chirally invariant mass m0.
Hierarchical Bayesian inference on 20 high-SNR simulated binary neutron star events shows a linear lnΛ-lnQ relation suffices and constrains dynamical Chern-Simons gravity length scale to ≤10 km.
Lunar GW observatories can deliver weeks-to-months early warnings, 0.01 deg² localizations, and ~100 well-localized BNS events per year for GW170817-like sources, with multi-band networks yielding 0.1% mass-ratio and 1% distance precision.
Bayesian NS EoS study using full nuclear posterior distributions and consistent crust modeling finds increased surface thickness and crustal moment of inertia relative to prior work.
A conservative f(R,T) gravity reformulation decouples the gravitational sector from the microphysical equation of state, enabling computation of neutron star mass-radius relations and tidal deformabilities that satisfy current astrophysical constraints.
A practical relativistic mode-sum method for neutron-star tidal response is implemented, with robust f-mode agreement to direct matching but acknowledged limitations in convergence and tidal field uniqueness.
Proton emitting source size is amplified by 24% in neutron-rich versus neutron-deficient tin collisions, revealing a beyond-mean-field short-range n-p correlation effect.
A physics-informed Bayesian neural network learns neutron-star equations of state from theoretical priors and constraints, then generates posterior mass-radius and mass-tidal-deformability distributions consistent with NICER radii and 2-solar-mass limits.
A closed formula computes static post-Newtonian corrections at arbitrary odd orders in gravity, yielding the explicit seventh post-Newtonian potential that matches an independent diagrammatic method.
Free neutrons survive r-process freeze-out in fast ejecta of neutron star mergers and their beta-decay heating produces a visible early kilonova precursor for mass fractions above ~0.05.
Bayesian analysis finds that the likely ranges of light dark-matter fermion mass and exponential density-profile parameter in hyperon-containing neutron stars are nearly independent of the hadronic model for symmetry-energy slopes between 40 and 58 MeV, with HESS J1731-347 and GW170817 data playing,
The study examines the effects of hyperons and H-dibaryons on f-mode oscillations in neutron stars using the quark meson coupling model and tests universal relations in the Cowling approximation.
FIREFLY accelerates multi-mode GW ringdown analysis by analytically marginalizing QNM amplitudes and phases via Bayesian principles and importance sampling.
Bayesian analysis of simulated Taiji observations shows microlensing from lenses above 10^5 solar masses can be distinguished from unlensed DWD signals when separation is below 3 Einstein radii, while lower masses or larger separations cannot.
Hybrid neutron-star equations of state remain sensitive to the low-density nucleonic model at transition densities around 2ρ₀, with model spread in radius and tidal deformability exceeding observational uncertainty by factors of ~1.8 and ~1.4.
Vector portal fermionic dark matter admixed in neutron stars produces mediator-mass-dependent changes to the equation of state, yielding distinct mass-radius relations and tidal deformabilities that observations can use to constrain the model.
Bilby introduces a user-friendly Python library for accurate Bayesian inference on gravitational-wave signals from compact binaries and other sources, including hierarchical population modeling.
Reanalysis finds GW190521 prefers hyperbolic waveforms over quasi-circular precessing ones with ln Bayes factor 3.71, while other high-mass events and GW231123 favor the latter; mock signals indicate distinguishability challenges for high-mass precessing cases.
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citing papers explorer
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Inspiral gravitational waveforms from charged compact binaries with scalar hair
In Einstein-scalar-Maxwell theories, charged compact binaries produce gravitational waveforms containing a leading -1 post-Newtonian dipole correction controlled by one deviation parameter b.
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Beyond FINDCHIRP: Breaking the memory wall and optimal FFTs for Gravitational-Wave Matched-Filter Searches with Ratio-Filter Dechirping
Ratio-Filter Dechirping converts gravitational-wave matched filtering from a memory-bound FFT into a cache-efficient FIR convolution, delivering a measured 8x speedup in the core loop.
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GWTC-2: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the First Half of the Third Observing Run
LIGO and Virgo detected 39 compact binary coalescence events in O3a, including 13 new ones, with black hole binaries up to 150 solar masses and the first significantly asymmetric mass ratios.
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Tidal Love numbers for regular black holes
Tidal Love numbers of regular black holes are generically nonzero, model-dependent, and can acquire logarithmic scale dependence at higher perturbative orders.
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Universal Relations with Dynamical Tides
New quasi-universal relations connect static tidal deformability Λ⁰ to its dynamical correction Λ² and to Mω* with equation-of-state scatter below 5% and 2.8% respectively across 59 models.
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Renormalization-Group Invariant Parity-Doublet Model for Nuclear and Neutron-Star Matter
A renormalization-group invariant mean-field treatment of the Parity-Doublet Model is developed that consistently includes baryonic vacuum fluctuations and is used to study chiral symmetry restoration in two-flavor nuclear and neutron-star matter for chosen values of the chirally invariant mass m0.
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Inferring neutron-star Love-Q relations from gravitational waves in the hierarchical Bayesian framework
Hierarchical Bayesian inference on 20 high-SNR simulated binary neutron star events shows a linear lnΛ-lnQ relation suffices and constrains dynamical Chern-Simons gravity length scale to ≤10 km.
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Binary Neutron Stars from the Moon: Early Warnings and Precision Science for the Artemis Era
Lunar GW observatories can deliver weeks-to-months early warnings, 0.01 deg² localizations, and ~100 well-localized BNS events per year for GW170817-like sources, with multi-band networks yielding 0.1% mass-ratio and 1% distance precision.
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Properties of the neutron star crust informed by nuclear structure data
Bayesian NS EoS study using full nuclear posterior distributions and consistent crust modeling finds increased surface thickness and crustal moment of inertia relative to prior work.
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Neutron stars in a conservative $f(R,T)$ gravity
A conservative f(R,T) gravity reformulation decouples the gravitational sector from the microphysical equation of state, enabling computation of neutron star mass-radius relations and tidal deformabilities that satisfy current astrophysical constraints.
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The Good, the Bad, and the Subtle: Relativistic mode sums for neutron-star tidal response
A practical relativistic mode-sum method for neutron-star tidal response is implemented, with robust f-mode agreement to direct matching but acknowledged limitations in convergence and tidal field uniqueness.
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Large amplification of the isospin-dependence of proton emitting source size in radioactive heavy-ion collisions: a signal of n-p correlation
Proton emitting source size is amplified by 24% in neutron-rich versus neutron-deficient tin collisions, revealing a beyond-mean-field short-range n-p correlation effect.
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A Physics Informed Bayesian Neural Network for the Neutron Star Equation of State
A physics-informed Bayesian neural network learns neutron-star equations of state from theoretical priors and constraints, then generates posterior mass-radius and mass-tidal-deformability distributions consistent with NICER radii and 2-solar-mass limits.
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All-order structure of static gravitational interactions and the seventh post-Newtonian potential
A closed formula computes static post-Newtonian corrections at arbitrary odd orders in gravity, yielding the explicit seventh post-Newtonian potential that matches an independent diagrammatic method.
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Nucleosynthesis in the fast ejecta of a neutron star merger
Free neutrons survive r-process freeze-out in fast ejecta of neutron star mergers and their beta-decay heating produces a visible early kilonova precursor for mass fractions above ~0.05.
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Bayesian analysis of density profile of light dark matter elucidating the properties of dark matter admixed neutron stars in the presence of hyperons
Bayesian analysis finds that the likely ranges of light dark-matter fermion mass and exponential density-profile parameter in hyperon-containing neutron stars are nearly independent of the hadronic model for symmetry-energy slopes between 40 and 58 MeV, with HESS J1731-347 and GW170817 data playing,
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$f$-mode Oscillations for Hyperons and H-dibaryons in Neutron Stars
The study examines the effects of hyperons and H-dibaryons on f-mode oscillations in neutron stars using the quark meson coupling model and tests universal relations in the Cowling approximation.
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A practical Bayesian method for gravitational-wave ringdown analysis with multiple modes
FIREFLY accelerates multi-mode GW ringdown analysis by analytically marginalizing QNM amplitudes and phases via Bayesian principles and importance sampling.
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Bayesian Analysis of Gravitational Wave Microlensing Effects from Galactic Double White Dwarfs
Bayesian analysis of simulated Taiji observations shows microlensing from lenses above 10^5 solar masses can be distinguished from unlensed DWD signals when separation is below 3 Einstein radii, while lower masses or larger separations cannot.
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Sensitivity of Neutron Star Observables to Transition Density in Hybrid Equation-of-State Models
Hybrid neutron-star equations of state remain sensitive to the low-density nucleonic model at transition densities around 2ρ₀, with model spread in radius and tidal deformability exceeding observational uncertainty by factors of ~1.8 and ~1.4.
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Neutron star with dark matter using vector portal
Vector portal fermionic dark matter admixed in neutron stars produces mediator-mass-dependent changes to the equation of state, yielding distinct mass-radius relations and tidal deformabilities that observations can use to constrain the model.
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Bilby: A user-friendly Bayesian inference library for gravitational-wave astronomy
Bilby introduces a user-friendly Python library for accurate Bayesian inference on gravitational-wave signals from compact binaries and other sources, including hierarchical population modeling.
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Gravitational Wave Hyperbolic Catalog: Reanalyzing High-Mass Gravitational Wave Signals Using Hyperbolic Waveforms
Reanalysis finds GW190521 prefers hyperbolic waveforms over quasi-circular precessing ones with ln Bayes factor 3.71, while other high-mass events and GW231123 favor the latter; mock signals indicate distinguishability challenges for high-mass precessing cases.
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Mitigating Systematic Errors in Parameter Estimation of Binary Black Hole Mergers in O1-O3 LIGO-Virgo Data
Reanalysis of flagged LVK events with waveform uncertainty models produces consistent spin and precession inferences across raw/deglitched data and multiple waveform approximants.
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Impact of Anisotropy on Neutron Star Structure and Curvature
Moderate positive pressure anisotropy raises neutron star maximum mass to about 2.4 solar masses and compactness by up to 20 percent, with curvature scalars tied to matter showing strong sensitivity while the Weyl scalar stays largely insensitive.
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Astrophysical constraints on the cold equation of state of the strongly interacting matter
Neutron star observations, especially the heaviest known pulsar masses and GW170817 tidal deformability, provide the strongest restrictions on the allowed cold dense matter equation of state.
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Equation of State Extrapolation Systematics: Parametric vs. Nonparametric Inference of Neutron Star Structure
Nonparametric GP-based high-density extensions yield softer EOS posteriors with larger uncertainties than parametric PP extensions when jointly constrained by multi-messenger neutron star observations.
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Hot quark matter and (proto-) neutron stars
An extended PNJL model locates the QCD critical end point and predicts that proto-neutron stars contain hyperons and Delta-isobars but no deconfined quarks, which appear only in cold neutron stars.
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Characterizing the quark-hadron mixed phase in compact star cores : sensitivity to nuclear saturation and quark-model parameters at finite-temperature
The quark-hadron mixed phase width in hybrid stars is mainly controlled by effective nucleon mass and symmetry energy, with temperature reducing the width and softening the EOS while strong vector repulsion is needed to match massive pulsar and NICER data.
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Buchdahl Limit and TOV Equations in Interacting Vacuum Scenarios
Interacting vacuum energy relaxes the pressure gradient inside stars, allowing finite central pressure and compactness beyond the Buchdahl bound for suitable coupling strengths.
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Bayesian inference for compact binary coalescences with BILBY: Validation and application to the first LIGO--Virgo gravitational-wave transient catalogue
BILBY is validated on simulated compact binary signals and reproduces the eleven GWTC-1 results with configuration and output files provided for reproduction.
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Science Case for the Einstein Telescope
The Einstein Telescope will enable gravitational-wave observations up to cosmological distances, opening avenues for discoveries in astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics.
- The Non-parametric Equation of State Realizes a Generalized Quark-Hadron Crossover
- A New Spin on Dissipative Tides: First-Post-Newtonian Effects in Compact Binary Inspirals
- Axial Oscillations of Viscous Neutron Stars