VEGA improves spatial reasoning in VLA models for robotics by aligning visual encoder features with 3D-supervised DINOv2 representations via a temporary projector and cosine similarity loss.
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3D-VLA: A 3D Vision-Language-Action Generative World Model
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abstract
Recent vision-language-action (VLA) models rely on 2D inputs, lacking integration with the broader realm of the 3D physical world. Furthermore, they perform action prediction by learning a direct mapping from perception to action, neglecting the vast dynamics of the world and the relations between actions and dynamics. In contrast, human beings are endowed with world models that depict imagination about future scenarios to plan actions accordingly. To this end, we propose 3D-VLA by introducing a new family of embodied foundation models that seamlessly link 3D perception, reasoning, and action through a generative world model. Specifically, 3D-VLA is built on top of a 3D-based large language model (LLM), and a set of interaction tokens is introduced to engage with the embodied environment. Furthermore, to inject generation abilities into the model, we train a series of embodied diffusion models and align them into the LLM for predicting the goal images and point clouds. To train our 3D-VLA, we curate a large-scale 3D embodied instruction dataset by extracting vast 3D-related information from existing robotics datasets. Our experiments on held-in datasets demonstrate that 3D-VLA significantly improves the reasoning, multimodal generation, and planning capabilities in embodied environments, showcasing its potential in real-world applications.
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representative citing papers
π₀.₇ is a steerable generalist robotic model that uses rich multimodal prompts including language, subgoal images, and performance metadata to achieve out-of-the-box generalization across tasks and robot bodies.
Action Images turn robot arm motions into interpretable multiview pixel videos, letting video backbones serve as zero-shot policies for end-to-end robot learning.
ConsisVLA-4D adds cross-view semantic alignment, cross-object geometric fusion, and cross-scene dynamic reasoning to VLA models, delivering 21.6% and 41.5% gains plus 2.3x and 2.4x speedups on LIBERO and real-world tasks.
Affordance Agent Harness is a verification-gated orchestration system that unifies skills via an evidence store, episodic memory priors, an adaptive router, and a self-consistency verifier to improve accuracy-cost tradeoffs in open-world affordance grounding.
LaST-R1 introduces a RL post-training method called LAPO that optimizes latent Chain-of-Thought reasoning in vision-language-action models, yielding 99.9% success on LIBERO and up to 22.5% real-world gains.
A discrete diffusion model tokenizes multimodal robotic data and uses a progress token to predict future states and task completion for scalable policy evaluation.
ST-π structures VLA models by having a spatiotemporal VLM produce causally ordered chunk-level prompts that guide a dual-generator action expert to jointly handle spatial and temporal control in robotic manipulation.
ThermoAct integrates thermal imaging into VLA models via a VLM planner to enable robots to perceive physical properties like heat and improve safety over vision-only systems.
GR00T N1 is a new open VLA foundation model for humanoid robots that outperforms imitation learning baselines in simulation and shows strong performance on real-world bimanual manipulation tasks.
OpenVLA-OFT fine-tuning boosts LIBERO success rate from 76.5% to 97.1%, speeds action generation 26x, and outperforms baselines on real bimanual dexterous tasks.
DexVLA combines a scaled diffusion action expert with embodiment curriculum learning to achieve better generalization and performance than prior VLA models on diverse robot hardware and long-horizon tasks.
FAST applies discrete cosine transform to robot action sequences for efficient tokenization, enabling autoregressive VLAs to succeed on high-frequency dexterous tasks and scale to 10k hours of data while matching diffusion VLA performance with up to 5x faster training.
OpenVLA achieves 16.5% higher task success than the 55B RT-2-X model across 29 tasks with 7x fewer parameters while enabling effective fine-tuning and quantization without performance loss.
DROID is a new 76k-trajectory in-the-wild robot manipulation dataset spanning 564 scenes and 84 tasks that improves policy performance and generalization when used for training.
NAUTILUS is a prompt-driven harness that automates plug-and-play adapters, typed contracts, and validation for policies, benchmarks, and robots in learning research.
ReFineVLA adds teacher-generated reasoning steps to VLA training and reports state-of-the-art success rates on SimplerEnv WidowX and Google Robot benchmarks.
A transformer 3D encoder plus diffusion decoder architecture, with 3D-specific augmentations, outperforms prior 3D policy methods on manipulation benchmarks by improving training stability.
CoEnv introduces a compositional environment that integrates real and simulated spaces for multi-agent robotic collaboration, using real-to-sim reconstruction, VLM action synthesis, and validated sim-to-real transfer to achieve high success rates on multi-arm manipulation tasks.
MoGe-2 recovers metric-scale 3D point maps with fine details from single images via data refinement and extension of affine-invariant predictions.
WorldVLA unifies VLA and world models in one autoregressive system, shows they boost each other, and adds an attention mask to stop error buildup when generating action chunks.
A structured survey of dexterous robotic hand research that reviews hardware, control methods, data resources, and benchmarks while identifying major limitations and future directions.
The paper introduces World Action Models as a new paradigm unifying predictive world modeling with action generation in embodied foundation models and provides a taxonomy of existing approaches.
A survey of VLA robotics research identifies data infrastructure as the primary bottleneck and distills four open challenges in representation alignment, multimodal supervision, reasoning assessment, and scalable data generation.
citing papers explorer
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VEGA: Visual Encoder Grounding Alignment for Spatially-Aware Vision-Language-Action Models
VEGA improves spatial reasoning in VLA models for robotics by aligning visual encoder features with 3D-supervised DINOv2 representations via a temporary projector and cosine similarity loss.
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${\pi}_{0.7}$: a Steerable Generalist Robotic Foundation Model with Emergent Capabilities
π₀.₇ is a steerable generalist robotic model that uses rich multimodal prompts including language, subgoal images, and performance metadata to achieve out-of-the-box generalization across tasks and robot bodies.
-
Action Images: End-to-End Policy Learning via Multiview Video Generation
Action Images turn robot arm motions into interpretable multiview pixel videos, letting video backbones serve as zero-shot policies for end-to-end robot learning.
-
ConsisVLA-4D: Advancing Spatiotemporal Consistency in Efficient 3D-Perception and 4D-Reasoning for Robotic Manipulation
ConsisVLA-4D adds cross-view semantic alignment, cross-object geometric fusion, and cross-scene dynamic reasoning to VLA models, delivering 21.6% and 41.5% gains plus 2.3x and 2.4x speedups on LIBERO and real-world tasks.
-
Affordance Agent Harness: Verification-Gated Skill Orchestration
Affordance Agent Harness is a verification-gated orchestration system that unifies skills via an evidence store, episodic memory priors, an adaptive router, and a self-consistency verifier to improve accuracy-cost tradeoffs in open-world affordance grounding.
-
LaST-R1: Reinforcing Robotic Manipulation via Adaptive Physical Latent Reasoning
LaST-R1 introduces a RL post-training method called LAPO that optimizes latent Chain-of-Thought reasoning in vision-language-action models, yielding 99.9% success on LIBERO and up to 22.5% real-world gains.
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dWorldEval: Scalable Robotic Policy Evaluation via Discrete Diffusion World Model
A discrete diffusion model tokenizes multimodal robotic data and uses a progress token to predict future states and task completion for scalable policy evaluation.
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ST-$\pi$: Structured SpatioTemporal VLA for Robotic Manipulation
ST-π structures VLA models by having a spatiotemporal VLM produce causally ordered chunk-level prompts that guide a dual-generator action expert to jointly handle spatial and temporal control in robotic manipulation.
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ThermoAct:Thermal-Aware Vision-Language-Action Models for Robotic Perception and Decision-Making
ThermoAct integrates thermal imaging into VLA models via a VLM planner to enable robots to perceive physical properties like heat and improve safety over vision-only systems.
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GR00T N1: An Open Foundation Model for Generalist Humanoid Robots
GR00T N1 is a new open VLA foundation model for humanoid robots that outperforms imitation learning baselines in simulation and shows strong performance on real-world bimanual manipulation tasks.
-
Fine-Tuning Vision-Language-Action Models: Optimizing Speed and Success
OpenVLA-OFT fine-tuning boosts LIBERO success rate from 76.5% to 97.1%, speeds action generation 26x, and outperforms baselines on real bimanual dexterous tasks.
-
DexVLA: Vision-Language Model with Plug-In Diffusion Expert for General Robot Control
DexVLA combines a scaled diffusion action expert with embodiment curriculum learning to achieve better generalization and performance than prior VLA models on diverse robot hardware and long-horizon tasks.
-
FAST: Efficient Action Tokenization for Vision-Language-Action Models
FAST applies discrete cosine transform to robot action sequences for efficient tokenization, enabling autoregressive VLAs to succeed on high-frequency dexterous tasks and scale to 10k hours of data while matching diffusion VLA performance with up to 5x faster training.
-
OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Model
OpenVLA achieves 16.5% higher task success than the 55B RT-2-X model across 29 tasks with 7x fewer parameters while enabling effective fine-tuning and quantization without performance loss.
-
DROID: A Large-Scale In-The-Wild Robot Manipulation Dataset
DROID is a new 76k-trajectory in-the-wild robot manipulation dataset spanning 564 scenes and 84 tasks that improves policy performance and generalization when used for training.
-
Nautilus: From One Prompt to Plug-and-Play Robot Learning
NAUTILUS is a prompt-driven harness that automates plug-and-play adapters, typed contracts, and validation for policies, benchmarks, and robots in learning research.
-
ReFineVLA: Multimodal Reasoning-Aware Generalist Robotic Policies via Teacher-Guided Fine-Tuning
ReFineVLA adds teacher-generated reasoning steps to VLA training and reports state-of-the-art success rates on SimplerEnv WidowX and Google Robot benchmarks.
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R3D: Revisiting 3D Policy Learning
A transformer 3D encoder plus diffusion decoder architecture, with 3D-specific augmentations, outperforms prior 3D policy methods on manipulation benchmarks by improving training stability.
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CoEnv: Driving Embodied Multi-Agent Collaboration via Compositional Environment
CoEnv introduces a compositional environment that integrates real and simulated spaces for multi-agent robotic collaboration, using real-to-sim reconstruction, VLM action synthesis, and validated sim-to-real transfer to achieve high success rates on multi-arm manipulation tasks.
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MoGe-2: Accurate Monocular Geometry with Metric Scale and Sharp Details
MoGe-2 recovers metric-scale 3D point maps with fine details from single images via data refinement and extension of affine-invariant predictions.
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WorldVLA: Towards Autoregressive Action World Model
WorldVLA unifies VLA and world models in one autoregressive system, shows they boost each other, and adds an attention mask to stop error buildup when generating action chunks.
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Towards Robotic Dexterous Hand Intelligence: A Survey
A structured survey of dexterous robotic hand research that reviews hardware, control methods, data resources, and benchmarks while identifying major limitations and future directions.
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World Action Models: The Next Frontier in Embodied AI
The paper introduces World Action Models as a new paradigm unifying predictive world modeling with action generation in embodied foundation models and provides a taxonomy of existing approaches.
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Vision-Language-Action in Robotics: A Survey of Datasets, Benchmarks, and Data Engines
A survey of VLA robotics research identifies data infrastructure as the primary bottleneck and distills four open challenges in representation alignment, multimodal supervision, reasoning assessment, and scalable data generation.
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Redefining End-of-Life: Intelligent Automation for Electronics Remanufacturing Systems
A literature review of intelligent automation approaches using robotics, AI, and control for disassembly, inspection, sorting, and reprocessing of end-of-life electronics.
- One Token Per Frame: Reconsidering Visual Bandwidth in World Models for VLA Policy