SkillComposer performs task-conditioned skill sequence prediction with a constrained autoregressive decoder to jointly output skill subset, count, and order, raising pass rates by 23.1 and 18.2 percentage points on two production coding agents over no-skill baselines.
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SkillX: Automatically Constructing Skill Knowledge Bases for Agents
23 Pith papers cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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Pith papers citing it
abstract
Learning from experience is critical for building capable large language model (LLM) agents, yet prevailing self-evolving paradigms remain inefficient: agents learn in isolation, repeatedly rediscover similar behaviors from limited experience, resulting in redundant exploration and poor generalization. To address this problem, we propose SkillX, a fully automated framework for constructing a \textbf{plug-and-play skill knowledge base} that can be reused across agents and environments. SkillX operates through a fully automated pipeline built on three synergistic innovations: \textit{(i) Multi-Level Skills Design}, which distills raw trajectories into three-tiered hierarchy of strategic plans, functional skills, and atomic skills; \textit{(ii) Iterative Skills Refinement}, which automatically revises skills based on execution feedback to continuously improve library quality; and \textit{(iii) Exploratory Skills Expansion}, which proactively generates and validates novel skills to expand coverage beyond seed training data. Using a strong backbone agent (GLM-4.6), we automatically build a reusable skill library and evaluate its transferability on challenging long-horizon, user-interactive benchmarks, including AppWorld, BFCL-v3, and $\tau^2$-Bench. Experiments show that SkillKB consistently improves task success and execution efficiency when plugged into weaker base agents, highlighting the importance of structured, hierarchical experience representations for generalizable agent learning. Our code will be publicly available soon at https://github.com/zjunlp/SkillX.
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2026 23verdicts
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background 4representative citing papers
Framework estimates context-dependent marginal utility of candidate skills via reward gaps in matched base vs. skill-augmented rollouts to filter skills and co-train policy as generator.
SelSkill applies dual-granularity preference learning to selective skill-or-skip decisions, improving task success by 10.9 points and execution precision by 29.1 points on ALFWorld with Qwen3-8B.
SkillEvolBench is a new diagnostic benchmark that evaluates the transition from episodic experience to procedural skills in LLM agents using role-conditioned task families and frozen deployment tests.
π-Bench is a new benchmark for evaluating proactive personal assistant agents on 100 multi-turn tasks that include hidden intents, inter-task dependencies, and cross-session continuity.
SkillOps maintains LLM skill libraries via Skill Contracts and ecosystem graphs, raising ALFWorld task success to 79.5% as a standalone agent and improving retrieval baselines by up to 2.9 points with near-zero library-time LLM cost.
SkillSafetyBench is a benchmark of 155 cases across 47 tasks and 6 risk domains showing that non-user attacks via skills, artifacts, or environments can consistently induce unsafe agent behavior.
Metis combines text and code memory hierarchically for self-evolving agents, claiming up to 20.6% higher accuracy and 22.8% lower cost than ReAct on the AppWorld benchmark.
W2S framework with RWSA decomposition converts heterogeneous traces into Skills and improves behavioral replay consistency by 10.5% over summarization baselines on 70 Skills.
SkillPyramid introduces a hierarchical skill consolidation framework with self-evolution, reporting 38% higher average reward and 27.7% fewer execution steps on ALFWorld, WebShop, and ScienceWorld across four models.
SkillAdaptor introduces step-level failure attribution and targeted skill updates for LLM agents, yielding performance gains on WebShop, PinchBench, and Claw-Eval benchmarks.
SkillRevise iteratively refines initial LLM-generated agent skills using execution traces to diagnose defects and apply repairs, raising success rates from 36.05% to 61.63% on SkillsBench across three benchmarks and five LLMs.
FluxMem evolves memory as a heterogeneous graph via three refinement stages and reports consistent state-of-the-art results on LoCoMo, Mind2Web, and GAIA benchmarks.
SkillOpt introduces a controllable text-space optimizer that evolves agent skills via add/delete/replace edits accepted only on strict held-out validation improvement, reporting consistent gains across 52 model-benchmark-harness combinations.
Maestro uses outcome-based RL to train a lightweight policy that orchestrates ensembles of frozen expert models and skills, reporting 70.1% average accuracy across ten multimodal benchmarks and outperforming GPT-5 and Gemini-2.5-Pro while generalizing to unseen components.
SPARK generates environment-verified trajectories to compute PDI, enabling posterior skill distillation that outperforms no-skill baselines and human-written skills across 86 tasks with up to 1000x cheaper inference.
SkillGen synthesizes auditable skills from agent trajectories via contrastive induction on successes and failures, then verifies net performance impact by comparing outcomes with and without the skill on identical tasks.
Ctx2Skill uses a self-evolving multi-agent loop with Challenger, Reasoner, Judge, and Cross-time Replay to discover context-specific skills, improving task-solving rates on CL-bench benchmarks across models.
SSL representation disentangles skill scheduling, structure, and logic using an LLM normalizer, improving skill discovery MRR@50 from 0.649 to 0.729 and risk assessment macro F1 from 0.409 to 0.509 over text baselines.
SkillComposer decomposes skill construction into create/improve/merge operations trained by rejection sampling, enabling self-evolving skills that improve agent and code task performance while generalizing to unseen domains.
SkillSmith introduces a synergy-aware skill-tool co-evolution framework with atomic bundles, Lotka-Volterra-inspired interaction modeling, and anti-pattern recording that outperforms baselines on complex tasks.
SkillsVote is a governance system for agent skills that profiles corpora, recommends via search, and gates updates on successful reusable outcomes, yielding benchmark gains without model changes.
Ace-Skill boosts multimodal agent self-evolution via prioritized rollouts with lazy-decay tracking and semantic knowledge clustering, yielding up to 35% relative gains on tool-use benchmarks and zero-shot transfer to smaller models.
citing papers explorer
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Generative Skill Composition for LLM Agents
SkillComposer performs task-conditioned skill sequence prediction with a constrained autoregressive decoder to jointly output skill subset, count, and order, raising pass rates by 23.1 and 18.2 percentage points on two production coding agents over no-skill baselines.
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Co-Evolving Skill Generation and Policy Optimization
Framework estimates context-dependent marginal utility of candidate skills via reward gaps in matched base vs. skill-augmented rollouts to filter skills and co-train policy as generator.
-
Skill or Skip? Learning Selective Skill Invocation in Agentic Tasks via Dual-Granularity Preference Learning
SelSkill applies dual-granularity preference learning to selective skill-or-skip decisions, improving task success by 10.9 points and execution precision by 29.1 points on ALFWorld with Qwen3-8B.
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SkillEvolBench: Benchmarking the Evolution from Episodic Experience to Procedural Skills
SkillEvolBench is a new diagnostic benchmark that evaluates the transition from episodic experience to procedural skills in LLM agents using role-conditioned task families and frozen deployment tests.
-
$\pi$-Bench: Evaluating Proactive Personal Assistant Agents in Long-Horizon Workflows
π-Bench is a new benchmark for evaluating proactive personal assistant agents on 100 multi-turn tasks that include hidden intents, inter-task dependencies, and cross-session continuity.
-
SkillOps: Managing LLM Agent Skill Libraries as Self-Maintaining Software Ecosystems
SkillOps maintains LLM skill libraries via Skill Contracts and ecosystem graphs, raising ALFWorld task success to 79.5% as a standalone agent and improving retrieval baselines by up to 2.9 points with near-zero library-time LLM cost.
-
SkillSafetyBench: Evaluating Agent Safety under Skill-Facing Attack Surfaces
SkillSafetyBench is a benchmark of 155 cases across 47 tasks and 6 risk domains showing that non-user attacks via skills, artifacts, or environments can consistently induce unsafe agent behavior.
-
Metis: Bridging Text and Code Memory for Self-Evolving Agents
Metis combines text and code memory hierarchically for self-evolving agents, claiming up to 20.6% higher accuracy and 22.8% lower cost than ReAct on the AppWorld benchmark.
-
Workflow-to-Skill: Skill Creation via Routing-Workflow-Semantics-Attachments Decomposition
W2S framework with RWSA decomposition converts heterogeneous traces into Skills and improves behavioral replay consistency by 10.5% over summarization baselines on 70 Skills.
-
SkillPyramid: A Hierarchical Skill Consolidation Framework for Self-Evolving Agents
SkillPyramid introduces a hierarchical skill consolidation framework with self-evolution, reporting 38% higher average reward and 27.7% fewer execution steps on ALFWorld, WebShop, and ScienceWorld across four models.
-
SkillAdaptor: Self-Adapting Skills for LLM Agents from Trajectories
SkillAdaptor introduces step-level failure attribution and targeted skill updates for LLM agents, yielding performance gains on WebShop, PinchBench, and Claw-Eval benchmarks.
-
SkillRevise: Improving LLM-Authored Agent Skills via Trace-Conditioned Skill Revision
SkillRevise iteratively refines initial LLM-generated agent skills using execution traces to diagnose defects and apply repairs, raising success rates from 36.05% to 61.63% on SkillsBench across three benchmarks and five LLMs.
-
Rethinking Memory as Continuously Evolving Connectivity
FluxMem evolves memory as a heterogeneous graph via three refinement stages and reports consistent state-of-the-art results on LoCoMo, Mind2Web, and GAIA benchmarks.
-
SkillOpt: Executive Strategy for Self-Evolving Agent Skills
SkillOpt introduces a controllable text-space optimizer that evolves agent skills via add/delete/replace edits accepted only on strict held-out validation improvement, reporting consistent gains across 52 model-benchmark-harness combinations.
-
Maestro: Reinforcement Learning to Orchestrate Hierarchical Model-Skill Ensembles
Maestro uses outcome-based RL to train a lightweight policy that orchestrates ensembles of frozen expert models and skills, reporting 70.1% average accuracy across ten multimodal benchmarks and outperforming GPT-5 and Gemini-2.5-Pro while generalizing to unseen components.
-
Evidence Over Plans: Online Trajectory Verification for Skill Distillation
SPARK generates environment-verified trajectories to compute PDI, enabling posterior skill distillation that outperforms no-skill baselines and human-written skills across 86 tasks with up to 1000x cheaper inference.
-
SkillGen: Verified Inference-Time Agent Skill Synthesis
SkillGen synthesizes auditable skills from agent trajectories via contrastive induction on successes and failures, then verifies net performance impact by comparing outcomes with and without the skill on identical tasks.
-
From Context to Skills: Can Language Models Learn from Context Skillfully?
Ctx2Skill uses a self-evolving multi-agent loop with Challenger, Reasoner, Judge, and Cross-time Replay to discover context-specific skills, improving task-solving rates on CL-bench benchmarks across models.
-
From Skill Text to Skill Structure: The Scheduling-Structural-Logical Representation for Agent Skills
SSL representation disentangles skill scheduling, structure, and logic using an LLM normalizer, improving skill discovery MRR@50 from 0.649 to 0.729 and risk assessment macro F1 from 0.409 to 0.509 over text baselines.
-
SkillComposer: Learning to Evolve Agent Skills for Specification and Generalization
SkillComposer decomposes skill construction into create/improve/merge operations trained by rejection sampling, enabling self-evolving skills that improve agent and code task performance while generalizing to unseen domains.
-
SkillSmith: Co-Evolving Skills and Tools for Self-Improving Agent Systems
SkillSmith introduces a synergy-aware skill-tool co-evolution framework with atomic bundles, Lotka-Volterra-inspired interaction modeling, and anti-pattern recording that outperforms baselines on complex tasks.
-
SkillsVote: Lifecycle Governance of Agent Skills from Collection, Recommendation to Evolution
SkillsVote is a governance system for agent skills that profiles corpora, recommends via search, and gates updates on successful reusable outcomes, yielding benchmark gains without model changes.
-
Ace-Skill: Bootstrapping Multimodal Agents with Prioritized and Clustered Evolution
Ace-Skill boosts multimodal agent self-evolution via prioritized rollouts with lazy-decay tracking and semantic knowledge clustering, yielding up to 35% relative gains on tool-use benchmarks and zero-shot transfer to smaller models.