The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
read the original abstract
We introduce the Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP), one of the initial Large Programs conducted with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The primary goal of DSHARP is to find and characterize substructures in the spatial distributions of solid particles for a sample of 20 nearby protoplanetary disks, using very high resolution (0.035 arcsec, or 5 au FWHM) observations of their 240 GHz (1.25 mm) continuum emission. These data provide a first homogeneous look at the small-scale features in disks that are directly relevant to the planet formation process, quantifying their prevalence, morphologies, spatial scales, spacings, symmetry, and amplitudes, for targets with a variety of disk and stellar host properties. We find that these substructures are ubiquitous in this sample of large, bright disks. They are most frequently manifested as concentric, narrow emission rings and depleted gaps, although large-scale spiral patterns and small arc-shaped azimuthal asymmetries are also present in some cases. These substructures are found at a wide range of disk radii (from a few au to more than 100 au), are usually compact ($<$10 au), and show a wide range of amplitudes (brightness contrasts). Here we discuss the motivation for the project, describe the survey design and the sample properties, detail the observations and data calibration, highlight some basic results, and provide a general overview of the key conclusions that are presented in more detail in a series of accompanying articles. The DSHARP data -- including visibilities, images, calibration scripts, and more -- are released for community use at https://almascience.org/alma-data/lp/DSHARP.
This paper has not been read by Pith yet.
Forward citations
Cited by 44 Pith papers
-
From Young to Older Disks: JWST/MIRI Evidence for Fading Molecular Emission and Hints for Elevated C/O in Upper Scorpius
Older Upper Scorpius disks show reduced molecular emission and hints of higher inner-gas C/O ratios than young disks, indicating chemical evolution consistent with pebble drift.
-
Chemical Divergence and Water Depletion: Gas Properties of Evolved Upper Scorpius Disks Revealed by JWST/MIRI
JWST/MIRI survey of 2-6 Myr Upper Scorpius disks finds diverse chemotypes, 10-1000x lower water luminosities, and evidence that outer dust traps control inner-disk chemistry.
-
DiskMINT-GARDEN: Self-consistent Models to Estimate Disk Masses
A new grid of disk models with grain-surface CO chemistry plus an ML inference tool produces gas mass estimates from ALMA observations that match independent dynamical and HD values without requiring extreme elemental...
-
Velocity-resolved [O I] 63,145 um, [C II] 158 um, and OH mapping along the Orion BN/KL explosive outflow and irradiated shocks
Velocity-resolved [O I] maps of the Orion BN/KL outflow yield a total luminosity of 86.5 L_sun and line ratios indicating dense (10^5–10^6 cm^-3), warm (~500 K) postshock gas from 30–40 km/s dissociative J-type shocks...
-
VLTI/PIONIER imaging of post-AGB binaries. An INSPIRING hunt for inner rim substructures in circumbinary discs
High-resolution interferometric imaging of eight post-AGB circumbinary discs reveals diverse inner-rim substructures including azimuthal brightness enhancements and arc-like features not explained by inclination alone.
-
Interpreting the scattering surface in protoplanetary disks
Semi-analytical model links observed scattering-surface height to small-dust mass, yielding global mass fractions of order 10^{-3} consistent with modest grain growth in ten protoplanetary disks.
-
MINDS: Complementary inclinations in the binary system HK Tau reveal gas- and ice-phase chemistry
Observations of the HK Tau binary with JWST reveal gas-phase molecular lines in the low-inclination primary and ice absorption features in the edge-on secondary, enabled by their differing inclinations.
-
Planet-Planet Secular Migration Predicts a Stellar Obliquity-Period Anti-Correlation
Simulations show that von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai migration from inclined companions produces misaligned short-period hot Jupiters while coplanar high-eccentricity migration preserves alignment at longer periods.
-
Ultra-High-Resolution Astronomy with the Solar Gravitational Lens
Presents an observability framework for solar gravitational lens astronomy and reports SSIM values of 0.993, 0.918, 0.973, and 0.923 for scalar reconstructions of four analytic scenes under stated assumptions.
-
Full one-fluid dusty gas with multiple grain species in SPH
Presents and benchmarks an SPH code for the full one-fluid dusty gas with multiple species that conserves mass, momentum, angular momentum and energy while recovering analytic solutions where the terminal velocity app...
-
A Framework to Model Stellar Irradiated Disks with Frequency-dependent Absorption and Scattering Opacities in Athena++
A new implementation of radial rays and multigroup radiation transport in Athena++ for frequency-dependent stellar irradiation achieves 2-5% average temperature agreement with Monte Carlo benchmarks in hydrostatic dis...
-
Velocity-resolved [O I] 63,145 um, [C II] 158 um, and OH mapping along the Orion BN/KL explosive outflow and irradiated shocks
First velocity-resolved [O I] 63/145 um maps of the Orion BN/KL outflow show broad components from dense warm postshock gas, with line ratios matching 30-40 km/s dissociative J-shocks illuminated by external UV, yield...
-
Chemistry and IR emission of acetylene in planet-forming regions of T Tauri disks. Impact of elemental abundances and dust properties
DALI modeling with updated warm chemistry finds C2H2/H2O IR flux ratio in T Tauri disks is sensitive to C/O, total O/H, and small-grain abundance, with JWST data suggesting sub-unity C/O and common enhanced O/H.
-
Astrochemical Inheritance of Terrestrial Planets Water from Local Wet Silicates
Water binding energy on silicate grains is twice that on ice, enabling local retention and inheritance for terrestrial planets without outer Solar System delivery.
-
Orbital evolution of highly eccentric bodies embedded in a ringed accretion disc
Prograde highly eccentric perturbers in a ringed isothermal disc circularize and accumulate at the ring, forming a migration trap, while retrograde perturbers migrate inward without re-intersecting.
-
Exploring Polarized Millimeter Emission from Protoplanetary Disks with Irregular Dust Grains
Irregular hexahedral dust grains yield nearly the same polarization morphology and fraction as spherical grains in self-scattering regimes but with up to 2.5 times higher scattering opacity, and are still insufficient...
-
Carbonaceous Chondrites provide evidence for late-stage planetesimal formation in a pressure bump
A 2D Monte Carlo dust evolution simulation shows that a planet-induced pressure bump reproduces the observed compositions and formation ages of carbonaceous chondrites, implying formation in a single long-lived dust t...
-
Azimuthal Dust Polarization from Aerodynamically Aligned Grains as Evidence for the Streaming Instability in Protoplanetary Disks
Azimuthal dust polarization at millimeter wavelengths traces high dust-to-gas ratio zones created by the streaming instability in protoplanetary disks.
-
A Robust Launching Mechanism for Freely-Floating Planets from Host Stars with Close-in Planets
Scattering between close-in super-Earths and secularly perturbed cold planets can launch some planets into free-floating orbits.
-
White dwarf planets in star clusters: gravitational scattering versus mass-loss effects
N-body simulations find stellar mass-loss effects dominate gravitational scattering in altering giant planet orbits around white dwarfs formed in star clusters, independent of density and initial conditions.
-
Planet formation at the inner edge of the dead zone II. Outbursts, rings, vortices, and suppression of planetesimal formation
2D radiation-hydrodynamical simulations find accretion outbursts unstable to Rossby-wave instability, forming vortices that suppress planetesimal formation until post-burst quiescence.
-
MINDS survey of silicates in T Tauri disks: Correlation between dust and gas
Spectral decomposition of 26 T Tauri disks finds Mg-rich silicate dust with 5-24% crystallinity and correlations linking annealed silica to stronger CO2 emission and forsterite to stronger H2O emission.
-
JWST-DECO: The Impact of Accretion on Mid-Infrared Observable Water in Planet-forming Disks
Accretion increases observable water mass in disks by expanding the emitting area via higher central luminosity, while viscous heating has no effect.
-
Chemistry and IR emission of acetylene in planet-forming regions of T Tauri disks. Impact of elemental abundances and dust properties
Updated DALI models reproduce observed C2H2 fluxes with solar C/O and find the C2H2/H2O flux ratio sensitive to elemental abundances and small-grain abundance in planet-forming disk regions.
-
Chemistry and IR emission of acetylene in planet-forming regions of T Tauri disks. Impact of elemental abundances and dust properties
Updated DALI modeling reproduces observed C2H2 fluxes with solar C/O while showing that C2H2/H2O flux ratios depend on total O/H abundance and the relative abundance of small dust grains.
-
$\alpha\beta q_\mathrm{th}$-mapping of planet-induced density wave damping in protoplanetary discs
Nonlinear shock formation dominates angular momentum deposition from planet-induced density waves, cooling matches it for sub-thermal planets, and viscosity only matters at unrealistically high values.
-
Diverse dust vertical height and settling strength conditions in protoplanetary discs
Modeling of ALMA observations reveals diverse vertical heights for millimeter dust in six protoplanetary disks, from very thin in T Cha and PDS 111 to extended in DoAr 25, with models failing to match small dust distr...
-
A formation pathway for giant planets in S-type discs of {\gamma}-Cephei-like compact binaries
Sustained mass transfer from a circumbinary disc enables giant planet formation in gamma-Cephei-like binaries by prolonging the lifetime of the circumprimary disc against truncation and photoevaporation.
-
Dust characterization of halos: The extended emission in protoplanetary disks
Halos in Elias 2-24, IM Lup, and DM Tau hold 20-30% of total dust mass with cm-sized grains, helping resolve the disk mass-budget problem even though drift and growth timescales are shorter than disk ages.
-
Dust characterization of halos: The extended emission in protoplanetary disks
Halos in Elias 2-24, IM Lup, and DM Tau contain 20-30% of the total (sub)mm flux with cm-scale grains and substantial dust masses that help resolve the disk mass budget problem.
-
Are the observed gaps in protoplanetary discs caused by growing planets?
Simulations require 2000 Earth masses of pebbles to match observed disc gaps, but this produces mostly gas giants and few super-Earths, contradicting exoplanet data.
-
Planet or brown dwarf? Constraints on the formation of H-type objects in IC348
H-type objects in IC348 show spatial distributions matching stars and brown dwarfs, unlike the more dispersed distribution of simulated ejected planets, indicating a star-like formation origin.
-
Formation of multiple dust rings and gaps in protoplanetary discs by a single migrating planet II: radiative discs and observational signatures
Numerical experiments demonstrate that one migrating planet produces multiple long-lived dust rings and gaps in radiative discs through migration jumps, with cooling affecting jump count but not structure lifetime.
-
Modeling (Sub-)millimeter Scattering Properties of Fractal and Consolidated Porous Particles: Applications to Protoplanetary Disks
Numerical simulations of porous fractal and consolidated particles show stronger forward scattering, broader polarization peaks, and lower absorption per unit mass than compact spheres, implying larger dust masses fro...
-
The Impact of Radiation Environment on the Evolution and Fragmentation of Protostellar Discs
Stronger radiation environments produce more massive, hotter protostellar discs whose fragments are large and disruptive rather than planetary-mass.
-
On the Dust Substructures Triggered by Two Super-Earths Migrating in Low-viscosity Disks
Two migrating super-Earths in low-viscosity disks trigger narrow and broad dust substructures with high dust-to-gas ratios favorable for planetesimal formation.
-
Organic complexity in protostellar disk candidates
ALMA survey detects hot corino chemistry in 3/5 Class 0/I protostars with CH3OH column densities 10^17-10^18 cm^{-2} and rotational temperatures 200-250 K, showing two orders of magnitude variation in COM ratios.
-
High-Contrast Imaging of Forming Protoplanets: VLTs, JWST, and the Promise of ELT
Reviews direct imaging of protoplanets and proposes deriving observational estimates of planet mass-to-radius ratio to test formation models, highlighting ELT capabilities.
-
Demographics of planet-forming disks with the SKAO
SKAO will enable the first large-scale high-resolution surveys of cm-wavelength disk emission to constrain dust growth, pebble demographics, and planet formation processes.
-
Nautilus Space Observatory: The Evolution of Planets and their Atmospheres
The Nautilus Space Observatory white paper outlines four science objectives for tracking planetary evolution timescales, atmospheric mass loss, mean molecular weight and C/O changes, and helium-dominated worlds using ...
-
Substructures in Planet-Forming Disks with the SKAO
This review chapter discusses open questions on protoplanetary disk substructures and how SKA-Mid continuum observations at 12.5 GHz can help resolve them.
-
Substructures in Planet-Forming Disks with the SKAO
SKA-Mid Band 5b continuum observations at 12.5 GHz will resolve disk substructures at ~0.05 arcsec to investigate their origin and role in planet assembly.
-
Giant Planet Formation by Disk Instability
The disk instability model remains viable for explaining giant planets that form early, at large orbital distances, and around M-dwarf stars, supported by updated simulations and observations.
-
An archival summary: 15 years of ALMA observations on disks and planet formation
ALMA observed 3933 independent coordinates in nearby star-forming regions for disks and planet formation, analyzed by sky location, frequency coverage, exposure time, spectral lines, and angular resolution.
discussion (0)
Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.