A temporary CLM phase followed by MLM decay during encoder continued pretraining outperforms standard MLM on biomedical tasks by 0.3-2.8pp across languages and model sizes.
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The FineWeb Datasets: Decanting the Web for the Finest Text Data at Scale
29 Pith papers cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.
29
Pith papers citing it
abstract
The performance of a large language model (LLM) depends heavily on the quality and size of its pretraining dataset. However, the pretraining datasets for state-of-the-art open LLMs like Llama 3 and Mixtral are not publicly available and very little is known about how they were created. In this work, we introduce FineWeb, a 15-trillion token dataset derived from 96 Common Crawl snapshots that produces better-performing LLMs than other open pretraining datasets. To advance the understanding of how best to curate high-quality pretraining datasets, we carefully document and ablate all of the design choices used in FineWeb, including in-depth investigations of deduplication and filtering strategies. In addition, we introduce FineWeb-Edu, a 1.3-trillion token collection of educational text filtered from FineWeb. LLMs pretrained on FineWeb-Edu exhibit dramatically better performance on knowledge- and reasoning-intensive benchmarks like MMLU and ARC. Along with our datasets, we publicly release our data curation codebase and all of the models trained during our ablation experiments.
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representative citing papers
Spectral clipping of leading singular values in gradient matrices stabilizes SGD for non-convex problems with heavy-tailed noise and achieves the optimal convergence rate O(K^{(2-2α)/(3α-2)}).
Hebatron is the first open-weight Hebrew MoE LLM adapted from Nemotron-3, reaching 73.8% on Hebrew reasoning benchmarks while activating only 3B parameters per pass and supporting 65k-token context.
BCJR-QAT makes trellis quantization differentiable via BCJR soft decoding at finite temperature, allowing QAT to improve 2-bit LLM perplexity over PTQ with a fused GPU kernel and a drift-budget escape condition.
Diffusion language models develop early-layer collapse around an indispensable super-outlier due to overtraining, resulting in higher compressibility and reversed optimal sparsity patterns versus autoregressive models.
Gaussian Kernel Attention replaces learned QKV projections with a Gaussian RBF kernel on per-head token features, using 0.42x parameters and 0.49x FLOPs while showing competitive language modeling performance at depth 20.
Dual Triangle Attention achieves effective bidirectional attention with built-in positional inductive bias via dual triangular masks, outperforming standard bidirectional attention on position-sensitive tasks and showing strong masked language modeling results with or without positional embeddings.
Fixed 16-bit binary token codes can replace trainable input embeddings in 32-layer decoder-only models while maintaining comparable held-out perplexity on 17B tokens.
Muon achieves dimension-free saddle-point escape through non-linear spectral shaping, resolvent calculus, and structural incoherence, yielding an algebraically dimension-free escape bound.
Looped MoE models scale better than standard transformers because different experts activate on each loop pass, recovering expressivity without extra parameters, and support superior early exits.
OrScale adds a Frobenius-norm trust-ratio layer-wise scaler to Muon’s orthogonalized updates, with per-layer calibration for language models, yielding higher CIFAR-10 accuracy and better language-model pre-training loss than Muon+Moonlight and AdamW.
Spectral analysis of activations and gradients provides new diagnostics that link batch size to representation geometry, early covariance tails to token efficiency, and spectral shifts to learning dynamics in decoder-only LLMs, backed by a mechanistic model.
Parcae stabilizes looped LLMs via spectral norm constraints on injection parameters, enabling power-law scaling for training FLOPs and saturating exponential scaling at test time that improves quality over fixed-depth baselines under fixed parameter budgets.
Attention Editing converts pre-trained LLMs to new attention architectures through layer-wise teacher-forced optimization and model-level distillation, preserving performance with efficiency gains.
A new pipeline identifies candidate simplex geometries in Gemma-2-9B representations, with five clusters showing significant barycentric prediction advantages consistent with belief-state encoding.
Metriplector treats neural computation as coupled metriplectic field dynamics whose stress-energy tensor readout achieves competitive results on vision, control, Sudoku, language modeling, and pathfinding with small parameter counts.
Muon optimizer with weight decay and update scaling achieves ~2x efficiency over AdamW for large LLMs, shown via the Moonlight 3B/16B MoE model trained on 5.7T tokens.
OS-Atlas, trained on the largest open-source cross-platform GUI grounding corpus of 13 million elements, outperforms prior open-source models on six benchmarks across mobile, desktop, and web platforms.
Nautile-370M is a hybrid small language model using SeqCond Attention layers alternating with transformers, with a claimed proof that the spectral operator matches full self-attention expressiveness in the continuous limit.
Toeplitz MLP Mixers replace attention with masked Toeplitz multiplications for sub-quadratic complexity while retaining more sequence information and outperforming on copying and in-context tasks.
ADAPT is an online reweighting framework for LLM training that outperforms offline data selection and mixing methods in cross-benchmark generalization under equal compute.
SmolLM2 is a 1.7B-parameter language model that outperforms Qwen2.5-1.5B and Llama3.2-1B after overtraining on 11 trillion tokens using custom FineMath, Stack-Edu, and SmolTalk datasets in a multi-stage pipeline.
GLiNER-Relex unifies NER and RE in one zero-shot transformer-based model that achieves competitive results on CoNLL04, DocRED, FewRel, and CrossRE.
Merlin achieves byte-exact deduplication of text at up to 8.7 GB/s using SIMD-optimized hashing, reducing LLM context sizes by 13.9-71% with no data loss.
citing papers explorer
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A Causal Language Modeling Detour Improves Encoder Continued Pretraining
A temporary CLM phase followed by MLM decay during encoder continued pretraining outperforms standard MLM on biomedical tasks by 0.3-2.8pp across languages and model sizes.
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Gradient Clipping Beyond Vector Norms: A Spectral Approach for Matrix-Valued Parameters
Spectral clipping of leading singular values in gradient matrices stabilizes SGD for non-convex problems with heavy-tailed noise and achieves the optimal convergence rate O(K^{(2-2α)/(3α-2)}).
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HEBATRON: A Hebrew-Specialized Open-Weight Mixture-of-Experts Language Model
Hebatron is the first open-weight Hebrew MoE LLM adapted from Nemotron-3, reaching 73.8% on Hebrew reasoning benchmarks while activating only 3B parameters per pass and supporting 65k-token context.
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BCJR-QAT: A Differentiable Relaxation of Trellis-Coded Weight Quantization
BCJR-QAT makes trellis quantization differentiable via BCJR soft decoding at finite temperature, allowing QAT to improve 2-bit LLM perplexity over PTQ with a fused GPU kernel and a drift-budget escape condition.
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Layer Collapse in Diffusion Language Models
Diffusion language models develop early-layer collapse around an indispensable super-outlier due to overtraining, resulting in higher compressibility and reversed optimal sparsity patterns versus autoregressive models.
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Projection-Free Transformers via Gaussian Kernel Attention
Gaussian Kernel Attention replaces learned QKV projections with a Gaussian RBF kernel on per-head token features, using 0.42x parameters and 0.49x FLOPs while showing competitive language modeling performance at depth 20.
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Dual Triangle Attention: Effective Bidirectional Attention Without Positional Embeddings
Dual Triangle Attention achieves effective bidirectional attention with built-in positional inductive bias via dual triangular masks, outperforming standard bidirectional attention on position-sensitive tasks and showing strong masked language modeling results with or without positional embeddings.
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Language Models Without a Trainable Input Embedding Table: Learning from Fixed Minimal Binary Token Codes
Fixed 16-bit binary token codes can replace trainable input embeddings in 32-layer decoder-only models while maintaining comparable held-out perplexity on 17B tokens.
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Dimension-Free Saddle-Point Escape in Muon
Muon achieves dimension-free saddle-point escape through non-linear spectral shaping, resolvent calculus, and structural incoherence, yielding an algebraically dimension-free escape bound.
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Sparse Layers are Critical to Scaling Looped Language Models
Looped MoE models scale better than standard transformers because different experts activate on each loop pass, recovering expressivity without extra parameters, and support superior early exits.
-
OrScale: Orthogonalised Optimization with Layer-Wise Trust-Ratio Scaling
OrScale adds a Frobenius-norm trust-ratio layer-wise scaler to Muon’s orthogonalized updates, with per-layer calibration for language models, yielding higher CIFAR-10 accuracy and better language-model pre-training loss than Muon+Moonlight and AdamW.
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Spectral Lens: Activation and Gradient Spectra as Diagnostics of LLM Optimization
Spectral analysis of activations and gradients provides new diagnostics that link batch size to representation geometry, early covariance tails to token efficiency, and spectral shifts to learning dynamics in decoder-only LLMs, backed by a mechanistic model.
-
Parcae: Scaling Laws For Stable Looped Language Models
Parcae stabilizes looped LLMs via spectral norm constraints on injection parameters, enabling power-law scaling for training FLOPs and saturating exponential scaling at test time that improves quality over fixed-depth baselines under fixed parameter budgets.
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Attention Editing: A Versatile Framework for Cross-Architecture Attention Conversion
Attention Editing converts pre-trained LLMs to new attention architectures through layer-wise teacher-forced optimization and model-level distillation, preserving performance with efficiency gains.
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Finding Belief Geometries with Sparse Autoencoders
A new pipeline identifies candidate simplex geometries in Gemma-2-9B representations, with five clusters showing significant barycentric prediction advantages consistent with belief-state encoding.
-
Metriplector: From Field Theory to Neural Architecture
Metriplector treats neural computation as coupled metriplectic field dynamics whose stress-energy tensor readout achieves competitive results on vision, control, Sudoku, language modeling, and pathfinding with small parameter counts.
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Muon is Scalable for LLM Training
Muon optimizer with weight decay and update scaling achieves ~2x efficiency over AdamW for large LLMs, shown via the Moonlight 3B/16B MoE model trained on 5.7T tokens.
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OS-ATLAS: A Foundation Action Model for Generalist GUI Agents
OS-Atlas, trained on the largest open-source cross-platform GUI grounding corpus of 13 million elements, outperforms prior open-source models on six benchmarks across mobile, desktop, and web platforms.
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Nautile-370M: Spectral Memory Meets Attention in a Small Reasoning Model
Nautile-370M is a hybrid small language model using SeqCond Attention layers alternating with transformers, with a claimed proof that the spectral operator matches full self-attention expressiveness in the continuous limit.
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Toeplitz MLP Mixers are Low Complexity, Information-Rich Sequence Models
Toeplitz MLP Mixers replace attention with masked Toeplitz multiplications for sub-quadratic complexity while retaining more sequence information and outperforming on copying and in-context tasks.
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Rethinking Data Curation in LLM Training: Online Reweighting Offers Better Generalization than Offline Methods
ADAPT is an online reweighting framework for LLM training that outperforms offline data selection and mixing methods in cross-benchmark generalization under equal compute.
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SmolLM2: When Smol Goes Big -- Data-Centric Training of a Small Language Model
SmolLM2 is a 1.7B-parameter language model that outperforms Qwen2.5-1.5B and Llama3.2-1B after overtraining on 11 trillion tokens using custom FineMath, Stack-Edu, and SmolTalk datasets in a multi-stage pipeline.
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GLiNER-Relex: A Unified Framework for Joint Named Entity Recognition and Relation Extraction
GLiNER-Relex unifies NER and RE in one zero-shot transformer-based model that achieves competitive results on CoNLL04, DocRED, FewRel, and CrossRE.
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Merlin: Deterministic Byte-Exact Deduplication for Lossless Context Optimization in Large Language Model Inference
Merlin achieves byte-exact deduplication of text at up to 8.7 GB/s using SIMD-optimized hashing, reducing LLM context sizes by 13.9-71% with no data loss.
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Byte-Exact Deduplication in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Three-Regime Empirical Analysis Across Public Benchmarks
Byte-exact deduplication reduces RAG context size by 0.16% to 80.34% across three regimes with zero measurable quality regression per multi-vendor LLM evaluation.
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CCL-D: A High-Precision Diagnostic System for Slow and Hang Anomalies in Large-Scale Model Training
CCL-D detects slow/hang anomalies in CCL for distributed training via lightweight tracing probes and an intelligent analyzer, achieving near-complete coverage and 6-minute rank localization on a 4000-GPU cluster over one year.
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Language corpora for the Dutch medical domain
A 35-billion-token Dutch medical corpus was assembled from translated, mined, and extracted sources and released publicly on Hugging Face as the first large-scale resource of its kind.
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XekRung Technical Report
XekRung achieves state-of-the-art performance on cybersecurity benchmarks among same-scale models via tailored data synthesis and multi-stage training while retaining strong general capabilities.
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A Survey of Large Language Models
This survey reviews the background, key techniques, and evaluation methods for large language models, emphasizing emergent abilities that appear at large scales.