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An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale

Canonical reference. 86% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.

425 Pith papers citing it
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abstract

While the Transformer architecture has become the de-facto standard for natural language processing tasks, its applications to computer vision remain limited. In vision, attention is either applied in conjunction with convolutional networks, or used to replace certain components of convolutional networks while keeping their overall structure in place. We show that this reliance on CNNs is not necessary and a pure transformer applied directly to sequences of image patches can perform very well on image classification tasks. When pre-trained on large amounts of data and transferred to multiple mid-sized or small image recognition benchmarks (ImageNet, CIFAR-100, VTAB, etc.), Vision Transformer (ViT) attains excellent results compared to state-of-the-art convolutional networks while requiring substantially fewer computational resources to train.

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  • abstract While the Transformer architecture has become the de-facto standard for natural language processing tasks, its applications to computer vision remain limited. In vision, attention is either applied in conjunction with convolutional networks, or used to replace certain components of convolutional networks while keeping their overall structure in place. We show that this reliance on CNNs is not necessary and a pure transformer applied directly to sequences of image patches can perform very well on image classification tasks. When pre-trained on large amounts of data and transferred to multiple m

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representative citing papers

DyABD: The Abdominal Muscle Segmentation in Dynamic MRI Benchmark

cs.CV · 2026-04-25 · conditional · novelty 9.0

DyABD is the first benchmark dataset for abdominal muscle segmentation in dynamic MRIs featuring exercise-induced anatomical changes and pre/post-surgery scans, where existing models achieve an average Dice score of 0.82.

Dissecting Jet-Tagger Through Mechanistic Interpretability

hep-ph · 2026-05-11 · accept · novelty 8.0

A Particle Transformer jet tagger contains a sparse six-head circuit whose source-relay-readout structure recovers most performance and whose residual stream preferentially encodes 2-prong energy correlators.

Gradient-Based Program Synthesis with Neurally Interpreted Languages

cs.LG · 2026-04-20 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0

NLI autonomously discovers a vocabulary of primitive operations and interprets variable-length programs via a neural executor, allowing end-to-end training and gradient-based test-time adaptation that outperforms prior methods on combinatorial generalization tasks.

Efficiently Modeling Long Sequences with Structured State Spaces

cs.LG · 2021-10-31 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0

S4 is an efficient state space sequence model that captures long-range dependencies via structured parameterization of the SSM, achieving state-of-the-art results on the Long Range Arena and other benchmarks while being faster than Transformers for generation.

Can Graphs Help Vision SSMs See Better?

cs.CV · 2026-05-11 · unverdicted · novelty 7.0

GraphScan replaces geometric or coordinate-based scanning in Vision SSMs with learned local semantic graph routing, yielding SOTA results among such models on classification and segmentation tasks.

Automated Detection of Abnormalities in Zebrafish Development

cs.CV · 2026-05-11 · unverdicted · novelty 7.0

A new annotated dataset of zebrafish embryo image sequences enables a spatiotemporal transformer to classify fertility at 98% accuracy and detect compound-induced malformations at 92% accuracy.

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Showing 5 of 5 citing papers after filters.

  • LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text models cs.CV · 2022-10-16 · accept · none · ref 15 · internal anchor

    LAION-5B is an openly released dataset of 5.85 billion CLIP-filtered image-text pairs that enables replication of foundational vision-language models.

  • A Generalist Agent cs.AI · 2022-05-12 · accept · none · ref 21 · internal anchor

    Gato is a multi-modal, multi-task, multi-embodiment generalist policy using one transformer network to handle text, vision, games, and robotics tasks.

  • Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latents cs.CV · 2022-04-13 · accept · none · ref 13 · internal anchor

    A hierarchical prior-decoder model using CLIP latents generates more diverse text-conditional images than direct methods while preserving photorealism and caption fidelity.

  • ST-MoE: Designing Stable and Transferable Sparse Expert Models cs.CL · 2022-02-17 · unverdicted · none · ref 143 · internal anchor

    ST-MoE introduces stability techniques for sparse expert models, allowing a 269B-parameter model to achieve state-of-the-art transfer learning results across reasoning, summarization, and QA tasks at the compute cost of a 32B dense model.

  • Galactica: A Large Language Model for Science cs.CL · 2022-11-16 · unverdicted · none · ref 9 · internal anchor

    Galactica, a science-specialized LLM, reports higher scores than GPT-3, Chinchilla, and PaLM on LaTeX knowledge, mathematical reasoning, and medical QA benchmarks while outperforming general models on BIG-bench.