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An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale

Canonical reference. 86% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.

425 Pith papers citing it
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abstract

While the Transformer architecture has become the de-facto standard for natural language processing tasks, its applications to computer vision remain limited. In vision, attention is either applied in conjunction with convolutional networks, or used to replace certain components of convolutional networks while keeping their overall structure in place. We show that this reliance on CNNs is not necessary and a pure transformer applied directly to sequences of image patches can perform very well on image classification tasks. When pre-trained on large amounts of data and transferred to multiple mid-sized or small image recognition benchmarks (ImageNet, CIFAR-100, VTAB, etc.), Vision Transformer (ViT) attains excellent results compared to state-of-the-art convolutional networks while requiring substantially fewer computational resources to train.

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  • abstract While the Transformer architecture has become the de-facto standard for natural language processing tasks, its applications to computer vision remain limited. In vision, attention is either applied in conjunction with convolutional networks, or used to replace certain components of convolutional networks while keeping their overall structure in place. We show that this reliance on CNNs is not necessary and a pure transformer applied directly to sequences of image patches can perform very well on image classification tasks. When pre-trained on large amounts of data and transferred to multiple m

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representative citing papers

DyABD: The Abdominal Muscle Segmentation in Dynamic MRI Benchmark

cs.CV · 2026-04-25 · conditional · novelty 9.0

DyABD is the first benchmark dataset for abdominal muscle segmentation in dynamic MRIs featuring exercise-induced anatomical changes and pre/post-surgery scans, where existing models achieve an average Dice score of 0.82.

Dissecting Jet-Tagger Through Mechanistic Interpretability

hep-ph · 2026-05-11 · accept · novelty 8.0

A Particle Transformer jet tagger contains a sparse six-head circuit whose source-relay-readout structure recovers most performance and whose residual stream preferentially encodes 2-prong energy correlators.

Gradient-Based Program Synthesis with Neurally Interpreted Languages

cs.LG · 2026-04-20 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0

NLI autonomously discovers a vocabulary of primitive operations and interprets variable-length programs via a neural executor, allowing end-to-end training and gradient-based test-time adaptation that outperforms prior methods on combinatorial generalization tasks.

Efficiently Modeling Long Sequences with Structured State Spaces

cs.LG · 2021-10-31 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0

S4 is an efficient state space sequence model that captures long-range dependencies via structured parameterization of the SSM, achieving state-of-the-art results on the Long Range Arena and other benchmarks while being faster than Transformers for generation.

Can Graphs Help Vision SSMs See Better?

cs.CV · 2026-05-11 · unverdicted · novelty 7.0

GraphScan replaces geometric or coordinate-based scanning in Vision SSMs with learned local semantic graph routing, yielding SOTA results among such models on classification and segmentation tasks.

Automated Detection of Abnormalities in Zebrafish Development

cs.CV · 2026-05-11 · unverdicted · novelty 7.0

A new annotated dataset of zebrafish embryo image sequences enables a spatiotemporal transformer to classify fertility at 98% accuracy and detect compound-induced malformations at 92% accuracy.

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Showing 7 of 7 citing papers after filters.

  • Diffusion Policy: Visuomotor Policy Learning via Action Diffusion cs.RO · 2023-03-07 · accept · none · ref 3 · internal anchor

    Diffusion Policy models robot actions as a conditional diffusion process, outperforming prior state-of-the-art methods by 46.9% on average across 12 manipulation tasks from four benchmarks.

  • Eliciting Latent Predictions from Transformers with the Tuned Lens cs.LG · 2023-03-14 · accept · none · ref 27 · internal anchor

    Training per-layer affine probes on frozen transformers yields more reliable latent predictions than the logit lens and enables detection of malicious inputs from prediction trajectories.

  • BiomedCLIP: a multimodal biomedical foundation model pretrained from fifteen million scientific image-text pairs cs.CV · 2023-03-02 · conditional · none · ref 31 · internal anchor

    BiomedCLIP, pretrained on the new 15-million-pair PMC-15M dataset, achieves state-of-the-art performance on diverse biomedical vision-language tasks and even outperforms radiology-specific models on chest X-ray pneumonia detection.

  • Accelerating Large Language Model Decoding with Speculative Sampling cs.CL · 2023-02-02 · accept · none · ref 6 · internal anchor

    Speculative sampling accelerates LLM decoding 2-2.5x by letting a draft model propose short sequences that the target model scores in parallel, then applies modified rejection sampling to keep the exact target distribution.

  • MM-REACT: Prompting ChatGPT for Multimodal Reasoning and Action cs.CV · 2023-03-20 · unverdicted · none · ref 9 · internal anchor

    MM-REACT uses textual prompts to let ChatGPT collaborate with external vision experts for zero-shot multimodal reasoning and action on advanced visual tasks.

  • PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Model cs.LG · 2023-03-06 · conditional · none · ref 11 · internal anchor

    PaLM-E is a single 562B-parameter multimodal model that performs embodied reasoning tasks like robotic manipulation planning and visual question answering by interleaving vision, state, and text inputs with positive transfer from joint training on language and robotics data.

  • Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuning cs.CV · 2023-10-05 · conditional · none · ref 15 · internal anchor

    Simple changes to LLaVA using CLIP-ViT-L-336px, an MLP connector, and academic VQA data yield state-of-the-art results on 11 benchmarks with only 1.2M public examples and one-day training on 8 A100 GPUs.