A Particle Transformer jet tagger contains a sparse six-head circuit whose source-relay-readout structure recovers most performance and whose residual stream preferentially encodes 2-prong energy correlators.
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Attention Is All You Need
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abstract
The dominant sequence transduction models are based on complex recurrent or convolutional neural networks in an encoder-decoder configuration. The best performing models also connect the encoder and decoder through an attention mechanism. We propose a new simple network architecture, the Transformer, based solely on attention mechanisms, dispensing with recurrence and convolutions entirely. Experiments on two machine translation tasks show these models to be superior in quality while being more parallelizable and requiring significantly less time to train. Our model achieves 28.4 BLEU on the WMT 2014 English-to-German translation task, improving over the existing best results, including ensembles by over 2 BLEU. On the WMT 2014 English-to-French translation task, our model establishes a new single-model state-of-the-art BLEU score of 41.8 after training for 3.5 days on eight GPUs, a small fraction of the training costs of the best models from the literature. We show that the Transformer generalizes well to other tasks by applying it successfully to English constituency parsing both with large and limited training data.
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- abstract The dominant sequence transduction models are based on complex recurrent or convolutional neural networks in an encoder-decoder configuration. The best performing models also connect the encoder and decoder through an attention mechanism. We propose a new simple network architecture, the Transformer, based solely on attention mechanisms, dispensing with recurrence and convolutions entirely. Experiments on two machine translation tasks show these models to be superior in quality while being more parallelizable and requiring significantly less time to train. Our model achieves 28.4 BLEU on the W
co-cited works
representative citing papers
Tessera performs kernel-granularity disaggregation on heterogeneous GPUs, achieving up to 2.3x throughput and 1.6x cost efficiency gains for large model inference while generalizing beyond prior methods.
The SDE benchmark shows LLMs lag on scientific discovery tasks relative to general science tests, with diminishing scaling returns and shared weaknesses across models.
LLaDA is a scalable diffusion-based language model that matches autoregressive LLMs like LLaMA3 8B on tasks and surpasses GPT-4o on reversal poem completion.
Neural networks exhibit grokking on small algorithmic datasets, achieving perfect generalization well after overfitting.
SimCSE achieves 76.3% unsupervised and 81.6% supervised Spearman's correlation on STS tasks with BERT-base, improving prior best results by 4.2% and 2.2% via simple contrastive learning.
Reformer matches standard Transformer accuracy on long sequences while using far less memory and running faster via LSH attention and reversible residual layers.
GraphNPE recovers a significantly lower central density for Boötes I consistent with a core while Draco remains marginally cuspy, and demonstrates that higher-order velocity moments reduce bias in dynamical modeling.
Transformer residual layers are approximated as an explicit Euler scheme for a controlled hidden-state flow whose mean-field limit is a first-order transport control problem with Pontryagin terminal condition given by the softmax residual.
A calibration strategy using full-Jones corrections with an in-field unpolarised calibrator and visibility-based multi-epoch alignment enables sub-arcsecond polarimetric imaging with LOFAR at metre wavelengths.
Smaller self-supervised ViTs localize objects better via attention than larger ViTs, enabling A² to decouple localization from feature extraction for competitive performance on distribution-shifted benchmarks.
PHAT-JeT combines geometric message-passing with hierarchical patch attention to reach state-of-the-art accuracy and background rejection among resource-constrained jet tagging models on four benchmarks.
A multi-agent pipeline iteratively refines topology optimization outputs to match natural language preferences for branched structures, achieving 60% success rate across replicates in cantilever and phone-stand tasks.
LlamaWeb is a WebGPU backend for llama.cpp that uses static memory planning, tunable kernels, and templated multi-precision support to cut memory use by 29-33% and raise decode throughput by 45-69% versus prior browser frameworks on tested hardware.
Injecting pre-computed layout priors from RT-DETR into VLM prompts raises markdown F1 from 0.37 to 0.92 on a 10k-page OOD benchmark and cuts infinite-loop failures across domains.
MusiCorpus supplies 1,309 pages of real historical handwritten music with transcriptions and annotations, the largest such resource for training optical music recognition systems under realistic conditions.
Nested-GPT is an autoregressive Transformer surrogate that generates variable-multiplicity parton showers while enforcing ordered Markovian branching and matches reference Monte Carlo results for leading-log non-global logarithm resummation in the large-Nc limit.
LLMForge is a NAS framework with Infinite-Head Attention, a Forge-Former surrogate, and Forge-DSE engine that discovers hardware-specific architectures for edge language models, yielding variants with improved accuracy, energy, or latency on different substrates.
QuBD extends algorithmic complexity estimation to quantized DNN weights, revealing that complexity decreases during learning, increases with overfitting, follows grokking patterns, and correlates with generalization.
A CNN with attention and shared latent space recovers SFHs and metallicities from spectro-photometric data with ~0.12 dex age and ~0.03 dex metallicity dispersion while running thousands of times faster than full spectral fitting.
TABOM is a trajectory-aligned Boltzmann modeling framework that turns self-distilled inference paths into a pairwise ranking loss to close the training-inference gap in diffusion language models and expand their effective capabilities.
The BiLT autoencoder recovers absorption and scattering spectra from integrating sphere data with high accuracy while remaining robust to wavelength shifts up to 10 bands and generalizing to different instrument line shapes without retraining.
A liveness-based Bellman operator enables conservative offline policy evaluation for manipulation tasks by encoding task progression and reducing truncation bias from finite horizons.
Dingo-Pop uses a transformer to perform amortized, end-to-end population inference from GW strain data in seconds, bypassing per-event Monte Carlo sampling.
citing papers explorer
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Dissecting Jet-Tagger Through Mechanistic Interpretability
A Particle Transformer jet tagger contains a sparse six-head circuit whose source-relay-readout structure recovers most performance and whose residual stream preferentially encodes 2-prong energy correlators.
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Tessera: Unlocking Heterogeneous GPUs through Kernel-Granularity Disaggregation
Tessera performs kernel-granularity disaggregation on heterogeneous GPUs, achieving up to 2.3x throughput and 1.6x cost efficiency gains for large model inference while generalizing beyond prior methods.
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Evaluating Large Language Models in Scientific Discovery
The SDE benchmark shows LLMs lag on scientific discovery tasks relative to general science tests, with diminishing scaling returns and shared weaknesses across models.
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Large Language Diffusion Models
LLaDA is a scalable diffusion-based language model that matches autoregressive LLMs like LLaMA3 8B on tasks and surpasses GPT-4o on reversal poem completion.
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Grokking: Generalization Beyond Overfitting on Small Algorithmic Datasets
Neural networks exhibit grokking on small algorithmic datasets, achieving perfect generalization well after overfitting.
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SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings
SimCSE achieves 76.3% unsupervised and 81.6% supervised Spearman's correlation on STS tasks with BERT-base, improving prior best results by 4.2% and 2.2% via simple contrastive learning.
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Reformer: The Efficient Transformer
Reformer matches standard Transformer accuracy on long sequences while using far less memory and running faster via LSH attention and reversible residual layers.
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Dark Matter in Draco and Bo\"otes I: Hints of a Core in an Ultra-Faint Dwarf from Simulation-Based Inference
GraphNPE recovers a significantly lower central density for Boötes I consistent with a core while Draco remains marginally cuspy, and demonstrates that higher-order velocity moments reduce bias in dynamical modeling.
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A First-Order Mean Field Control Analysis of Transformer Layers under Cross-Entropy Training
Transformer residual layers are approximated as an explicit Euler scheme for a controlled hidden-state flow whose mean-field limit is a first-order transport control problem with Pontryagin terminal condition given by the softmax residual.
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Polarisation and Faraday rotation measure imaging at metre wavelengths with sub-arcsecond resolution: a foundational calibration strategy
A calibration strategy using full-Jones corrections with an in-field unpolarised calibrator and visibility-based multi-epoch alignment enables sub-arcsecond polarimetric imaging with LOFAR at metre wavelengths.
-
$A^2$: Smaller Self-Supervised ViTs Localize Better than Larger Ones
Smaller self-supervised ViTs localize objects better via attention than larger ViTs, enabling A² to decouple localization from feature extraction for competitive performance on distribution-shifted benchmarks.
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Patch Hierarchical Attention Transformer for Efficient Particle Jet Tagging
PHAT-JeT combines geometric message-passing with hierarchical patch attention to reach state-of-the-art accuracy and background rejection among resource-constrained jet tagging models on four benchmarks.
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TO-Agents: A Multi-Agent AI Pipeline for Preference-Guided Topology Optimization
A multi-agent pipeline iteratively refines topology optimization outputs to match natural language preferences for branched structures, achieving 60% success rate across replicates in cantilever and phone-stand tasks.
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Llamas on the Web: Memory-Efficient, Performance-Portable, and Multi-Precision LLM Inference with WebGPU
LlamaWeb is a WebGPU backend for llama.cpp that uses static memory planning, tunable kernels, and templated multi-precision support to cut memory use by 29-33% and raise decode throughput by 45-69% versus prior browser frameworks on tested hardware.
-
Structured Layout Priors for Robust Out-of-Distribution Visual Document Understanding
Injecting pre-computed layout priors from RT-DETR into VLM prompts raises markdown F1 from 0.37 to 0.92 on a 10k-page OOD benchmark and cuts infinite-loop failures across domains.
-
A Dataset for the Recognition of Historical and Handwritten Music Scores in Western Notation
MusiCorpus supplies 1,309 pages of real historical handwritten music with transcriptions and annotations, the largest such resource for training optical music recognition systems under realistic conditions.
-
Nested-GPT for variable-multiplicity parton showers: A case study in the resummation of non-global logarithms
Nested-GPT is an autoregressive Transformer surrogate that generates variable-multiplicity parton showers while enforcing ordered Markovian branching and matches reference Monte Carlo results for leading-log non-global logarithm resummation in the large-Nc limit.
-
LLMForge: Multi-Backend Hardware-Aware Neural Architecture Search with Infinite-Head Attention for Edge Language Models
LLMForge is a NAS framework with Infinite-Head Attention, a Forge-Former surrogate, and Forge-DSE engine that discovers hardware-specific architectures for edge language models, yielding variants with improved accuracy, energy, or latency on different substrates.
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Characterizing Learning in Deep Neural Networks using Tractable Algorithmic Complexity Analysis
QuBD extends algorithmic complexity estimation to quantized DNN weights, revealing that complexity decreases during learning, increases with overfitting, follows grokking patterns, and correlates with generalization.
-
Determining star formation histories and age-metallicity relations with convolutional neural networks
A CNN with attention and shared latent space recovers SFHs and metallicities from spectro-photometric data with ~0.12 dex age and ~0.03 dex metallicity dispersion while running thousands of times faster than full spectral fitting.
-
Self-Distilled Trajectory-Aware Boltzmann Modeling: Bridging the Training-Inference Discrepancy in Diffusion Language Models
TABOM is a trajectory-aligned Boltzmann modeling framework that turns self-distilled inference paths into a pairwise ranking loss to close the training-inference gap in diffusion language models and expand their effective capabilities.
-
Bin Latent Transformer (BiLT): A shift-invariant autoencoder for calibration-free spectral unmixing of turbid media
The BiLT autoencoder recovers absorption and scattering spectra from integrating sphere data with high accuracy while remaining robust to wavelength shifts up to 10 bands and generalizing to different instrument line shapes without retraining.
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Offline Policy Evaluation for Manipulation Policies via Discounted Liveness Formulation
A liveness-based Bellman operator enables conservative offline policy evaluation for manipulation tasks by encoding task progression and reducing truncation bias from finite horizons.
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End-to-End Population Inference from Gravitational-Wave Strain using Transformers
Dingo-Pop uses a transformer to perform amortized, end-to-end population inference from GW strain data in seconds, bypassing per-event Monte Carlo sampling.
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Automated Detection of Abnormalities in Zebrafish Development
A new annotated dataset of zebrafish embryo image sequences enables a spatiotemporal transformer to classify fertility at 98% accuracy and detect compound-induced malformations at 92% accuracy.
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Complex-Valued Phase-Coherent Transformer
PCT replaces softmax token competition with a smooth phase-preserving gate on normalized complex similarities, yielding stronger generalization on long-range and phase-sensitive benchmarks than both real and complex Transformers.
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From Syntax to Semantics: Unveiling the Emergence of Chirality in SMILES Translation Models
Chirality emerges in SMILES translation models through an abrupt encoder-centered reorganization of representations after a long plateau, identified via checkpoint analysis and ablation.
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Generating Complex Code Analyzers from Natural Language Questions
Merlin generates CodeQL queries from natural language questions via RAG-based iteration and a self-test technique using assistive queries, achieving 3.8x higher task accuracy and 31% less completion time in user studies while finding additional software issues.
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Neural network quantum states in the grand canonical ensemble
A new neural quantum state ansatz for bosons in the grand canonical ensemble achieves competitive variational energies in 1D and 2D systems and provides access to one-body reduced density matrices.
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Is She Even Relevant? When BERT Ignores Explicit Gender Cues
A Dutch BERT model encodes gender linearly by epoch 20 but does not dynamically update its representations when explicit female cues contradict learned stereotypical associations in short sentence templates.
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TSCG: Deterministic Tool-Schema Compilation for Agentic LLM Deployments
TSCG compiles JSON tool schemas into token-efficient structured text, raising tool-use accuracy for small LLMs from 0% to 84.4% on benchmarks while cutting tokens by 52-57%.
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Rethinking the Need for Source Models: Source-Free Domain Adaptation from Scratch Guided by a Vision-Language Model
The paper introduces the VODA setting for domain adaptation from scratch using vision-language models and presents TS-DRD, which achieves competitive performance on standard benchmarks without source models.
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Evaluating LLMs on Large-Scale Graph Property Estimation via Random Walks
EstGraph benchmark evaluates LLMs on estimating properties of very large graphs from random-walk samples that fit in context limits.
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Reconstructing conformal field theoretical compositions with Transformers
Transformers reconstruct the constituent RCFTs in tensor-product theories from low-energy spectra, reaching 98% accuracy on WZW models and generalizing to larger central charges with few out-of-domain examples.
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Homogeneous Stellar Parameters from Heterogeneous Spectra with Deep Learning
A single end-to-end Transformer model unifies stellar labels from heterogeneous spectroscopic surveys into a self-consistent scale without post-hoc recalibration.
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Generative diffusion models for spatiotemporal influenza forecasting
Influpaint uses generative diffusion models on image-encoded influenza data to produce realistic and diverse epidemic trajectories that match leading ensemble methods in accuracy.
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Attention Is Not All You Need for Diffraction
Physics-informed transformer with sin^2(theta) encoding, physics-aware positional encoding, multi-task decoder, and three-stage curriculum classifies powder diffraction into 99 extinction groups, with structured errors on symmetry subgroup hierarchy.
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Oracle Noise: Faster Semantic Spherical Alignment for Interpretable Latent Optimization
Oracle Noise optimizes diffusion model noise on a Riemannian hypersphere guided by key prompt words to preserve the Gaussian prior, eliminate norm inflation, and achieve faster semantic alignment than Euclidean methods.
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A Systematic Survey of Security Threats and Defenses in LLM-Based AI Agents: A Layered Attack Surface Framework
A new 7x4 taxonomy organizes agentic AI security threats by architectural layer and persistence timescale, revealing under-explored upper layers and missing defenses after surveying 116 papers.
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EgoMAGIC- An Egocentric Video Field Medicine Dataset for Training Perception Algorithms
EgoMAGIC is a new public egocentric video dataset of medical tasks with object labels for 124 items and action detection baselines reaching 0.526 mAP on eight tasks.
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Masked-Token Prediction for Anomaly Detection at the Large Hadron Collider
The work demonstrates masked-token prediction with transformers for model-independent anomaly detection in LHC data, achieving strong results on top-rich BSM signatures like four-top production using VQ-VAE tokenization.
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Copy First, Translate Later: Interpreting Translation Dynamics in Multilingual Pretraining
Multilingual pretraining develops translation in two phases: early copying driven by surface similarities, followed by generalizing mechanisms while copying is refined.
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Working Memory in a Recurrent Spiking Neural Networks With Heterogeneous Synaptic Delays
A recurrent SNN with heterogeneous synaptic delays (D=41) achieves perfect F1=1.0 recall of 16 arbitrary spike patterns on a synthetic benchmark by representing them as chains of overlapping spiking motifs.
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Dual Triangle Attention: Effective Bidirectional Attention Without Positional Embeddings
Dual Triangle Attention achieves effective bidirectional attention with built-in positional inductive bias via dual triangular masks, outperforming standard bidirectional attention on position-sensitive tasks and showing strong masked language modeling results with or without positional embeddings.
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The UNDO Flip-Flop: A Controlled Probe for Reversible Semantic State Management in State Space Model
Mamba-2 models fail to learn reversible state retrieval in the UNDO Flip-Flop task, defaulting to a toggle heuristic and achieving only 41% accuracy under adversarial conditions.
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Joint Fullband-Subband Modeling for High-Resolution SingFake Detection
A joint fullband-subband model using high-resolution 44.1 kHz audio outperforms standard 16 kHz detectors for singing voice deepfake detection by exploiting spectrum-specific synthesis artifacts.
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Profile-Then-Reason: Bounded Semantic Complexity for Tool-Augmented Language Agents
PTR framework profiles a workflow upfront then executes it deterministically with bounded verification and repair, limiting LM calls to 2-3 while outperforming ReAct in 16 of 24 tested configurations.
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Fusion and Alignment Enhancement with Large Language Models for Tail-item Sequential Recommendation
FAERec fuses collaborative ID embeddings with LLM semantic embeddings using adaptive gating and dual-level alignment to enhance tail-item sequential recommendations.
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Evaluating the Formal Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models through Chomsky Hierarchy
LLMs display clear performance stratification on formal language tasks aligned with Chomsky hierarchy complexity levels, limited by severe efficiency barriers rather than absolute capability.
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Learning to Unscramble: Simplifying Symbolic Expressions via Self-Supervised Oracle Trajectories
A permutation-equivariant transformer trained on self-supervised oracle trajectories from scrambled expressions achieves near-perfect simplification rates for dilogarithms and 100% success on 5-point gluon scattering amplitudes with over 200 terms.