Many distinct SAE features share identical explanations, with the average annotation resolving only 70% of feature identity in a large annotated dataset.
hub Mixed citations
Refusal in Language Models Is Mediated by a Single Direction
Mixed citation behavior. Most common role is background (67%).
52
Pith papers citing it
Background
67% of classified citations
abstract
Conversational large language models are fine-tuned for both instruction-following and safety, resulting in models that obey benign requests but refuse harmful ones. While this refusal behavior is widespread across chat models, its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this work, we show that refusal is mediated by a one-dimensional subspace, across 13 popular open-source chat models up to 72B parameters in size. Specifically, for each model, we find a single direction such that erasing this direction from the model's residual stream activations prevents it from refusing harmful instructions, while adding this direction elicits refusal on even harmless instructions. Leveraging this insight, we propose a novel white-box jailbreak method that surgically disables refusal with minimal effect on other capabilities. Finally, we mechanistically analyze how adversarial suffixes suppress propagation of the refusal-mediating direction. Our findings underscore the brittleness of current safety fine-tuning methods. More broadly, our work showcases how an understanding of model internals can be leveraged to develop practical methods for controlling model behavior.
hub tools
citation-role summary
background 11
method 1
citation-polarity summary
representative citing papers
Function vectors steer LLMs successfully where the logit lens fails to decode the target answer, showing the two properties come apart.
SASA replaces single-vector decoders in SAEs with learned subspaces plus block sparsity and nuclear-norm regularization, proving that a single group becomes the global minimizer once block size meets intrinsic dimension and yielding polynomial rather than exponential sample complexity.
Low-resource safety failures are action failures because the harmfulness representation transfers but the decision calibration does not; this is fixed by recalibrating a high-resource gate with 1-4 target-language examples.
No tested model showed robust format-independent refusal on biosecurity hazards; a new divergence score between behavioral labels and SAE activations separated responses in one preliminary case.
Self-evolving rubric with anti-gaming fitness reveals that objective capability scaling fails to transfer to subjective LLM behaviors, with advice-restraint as the universal lowest dimension that can regress.
Introduces KIDBench benchmark for child-facing LLM safety, showing implicit and explicit child context cues raise safety scores 9-77% while multi-turn interactions degrade quality 6-24%.
Introduces CAZ framework using Separation, Coherence, and Velocity metrics to identify depth regions of concept allocation, with empirical tests across 34 models showing multimodal separation curves and causally active gentle CAZes.
Residual Paving decomposes selective refusal editing into an early-layer router for intervention decisions and later-layer residual experts for edits, with oracle routing showing that learned route selectivity is the primary bottleneck across six backbones.
FishBack derives a closed-form minimum-distortion steering direction from the pullback Fisher metric of the softmax layer, outperforming Euclidean baselines on GPT-2 verb-morphology tasks with lower off-target KL divergence.
Symmetry under affine reparameterizations of hidden coordinates selects a unique hierarchy of shallow coordinate-stable probes and a probe-visible quotient for cross-model transfer.
Instruction tuning makes late-layer computation depend more on the model's own post-trained upstream state than on base-model upstream state, producing a consistent +1.68 logit interaction effect across five model families.
Transformer activations show spectral anti-concentration for concepts in the tail while syntax prefers high-variance directions, forming a dual geometry.
ARA jailbreaks safety-aligned LLMs like LLaMA-3 and Mistral by redirecting attention in safety-heavy heads with as few as 5 tokens, achieving 30-36% attack success while ablating the same heads barely affects refusals.
Local linearity of LLM layers enables LQR-based closed-loop activation steering with theoretical tracking guarantees.
Thematic analysis of r/LocalLLaMA discussions finds users define openness via reliability, local control, privacy, and adaptation under compute, licensing, and usability constraints.
Activation-level consistency training (ACT) yields a robust defense against adaptive jailbreaks in reasoning models by aligning internal activations on clean and wrapped prompts, outperforming output-level variants.
The paper introduces a paired testing protocol for batch-conditioned refusal robustness in LLM serving and reports low rates of genuine safety-label flips after adjudication, with a batch-invariant kernel ablation eliminating observed flips.
Ellipsoid Control is a white-list test-time jailbreak defense that fits an anisotropic ellipsoid from benign activations to constrain projected gradient descent updates, aiming to improve the safety-utility tradeoff over black-list RepE methods.
ESLD extracts safety signals directly from the latent space of any guard model to enable faster and more accurate prompt-injection detection without retraining.
A latent variable IRT framework decouples four safety-driving factors across 61 model configurations and 10 languages using 1.9 million evaluations, revealing that safety is largely unidimensional and that high cross-lingual gaps cluster in physical harm prompts and lower-resource languages.
TFGN is an architectural overlay for transformers enabling task-free, replay-free continual pre-training across heterogeneous domains at LLM scale with near-zero backward transfer and high gradient orthogonality.
A vector generalization of fusion-fission group dynamics from physics forecasts when AI behavior shifts to undesirable states, validated at 90 percent across seven models and prior to real-world data.
Linear probes on residual-stream activations identify a shared preference vector in LLMs that tracks choices across prompts and causally steers decisions even for anti-correlated personas.
citing papers explorer
-
Tool Calling is Linearly Readable and Steerable in Language Models
Tool identity is linearly readable and steerable in LLMs via mean activation differences, with 77-100% switch accuracy and error prediction from activation gaps.
-
Perturbation Probing: A Two-Pass-per-Prompt Diagnostic for FFN Behavioral Circuits in Aligned LLMs
Perturbation probing identifies tiny sets of FFN neurons that control refusal templates and language routing in LLMs, enabling precise ablations and directional interventions that alter behavior on benchmarks while preserving safety.
-
Persona Vectors: Monitoring and Controlling Character Traits in Language Models
Persona vectors in LLM activations allow automated monitoring, prediction, and control of character traits such as sycophancy and hallucination, including during finetuning.