Flow-GRPO is the first online RL method for flow matching models, raising GenEval accuracy from 63% to 95% and text-rendering accuracy from 59% to 92% with little reward hacking.
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Advantage-Weighted Regression: Simple and Scalable Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning
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In this paper, we aim to develop a simple and scalable reinforcement learning algorithm that uses standard supervised learning methods as subroutines. Our goal is an algorithm that utilizes only simple and convergent maximum likelihood loss functions, while also being able to leverage off-policy data. Our proposed approach, which we refer to as advantage-weighted regression (AWR), consists of two standard supervised learning steps: one to regress onto target values for a value function, and another to regress onto weighted target actions for the policy. The method is simple and general, can accommodate continuous and discrete actions, and can be implemented in just a few lines of code on top of standard supervised learning methods. We provide a theoretical motivation for AWR and analyze its properties when incorporating off-policy data from experience replay. We evaluate AWR on a suite of standard OpenAI Gym benchmark tasks, and show that it achieves competitive performance compared to a number of well-established state-of-the-art RL algorithms. AWR is also able to acquire more effective policies than most off-policy algorithms when learning from purely static datasets with no additional environmental interactions. Furthermore, we demonstrate our algorithm on challenging continuous control tasks with highly complex simulated characters.
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- abstract In this paper, we aim to develop a simple and scalable reinforcement learning algorithm that uses standard supervised learning methods as subroutines. Our goal is an algorithm that utilizes only simple and convergent maximum likelihood loss functions, while also being able to leverage off-policy data. Our proposed approach, which we refer to as advantage-weighted regression (AWR), consists of two standard supervised learning steps: one to regress onto target values for a value function, and another to regress onto weighted target actions for the policy. The method is simple and general, can ac
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representative citing papers
IQL achieves policy improvement in offline RL by implicitly estimating optimal action values through state-conditional upper expectiles of value functions, without querying Q-functions on out-of-distribution actions.
Decision Transformer casts RL as autoregressive sequence modeling conditioned on desired returns, past states and actions, matching or exceeding offline RL baselines on Atari, Gym and Key-to-Door tasks.
D4RL supplies new offline RL benchmarks and datasets from expert and mixed sources to expose weaknesses in existing algorithms and standardize evaluation.
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Proposes latent analogies and analogy transduction to enable compositional generalization to unseen goal-context pairs in offline GCRL, outperforming trajectory-stitching baselines on manipulation tasks.
VPD frames language feedback learning as variational EM so the teacher policy refines itself via trust-region updates on outcomes while the student learns dense token distributions on its own rollouts, outperforming fixed-teacher baselines on reasoning and code tasks.
Switching successor measures extend classical successor measures to enable hierarchical zero-shot RL via the FB π-Switch algorithm that extracts subgoal-selection and control policies from forward-backward representations.
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citing papers explorer
-
Flow-GRPO: Training Flow Matching Models via Online RL
Flow-GRPO is the first online RL method for flow matching models, raising GenEval accuracy from 63% to 95% and text-rendering accuracy from 59% to 92% with little reward hacking.
-
Offline Reinforcement Learning with Implicit Q-Learning
IQL achieves policy improvement in offline RL by implicitly estimating optimal action values through state-conditional upper expectiles of value functions, without querying Q-functions on out-of-distribution actions.
-
Decision Transformer: Reinforcement Learning via Sequence Modeling
Decision Transformer casts RL as autoregressive sequence modeling conditioned on desired returns, past states and actions, matching or exceeding offline RL baselines on Atari, Gym and Key-to-Door tasks.
-
D4RL: Datasets for Deep Data-Driven Reinforcement Learning
D4RL supplies new offline RL benchmarks and datasets from expert and mixed sources to expose weaknesses in existing algorithms and standardize evaluation.
-
RankE: End-to-End Post-Training for Discrete Text-to-Image Generation with Decoder Co-Evolution
RankE co-evolves AR policy and decoder via alternating ranking optimization, improving both FID and CLIP scores on LlamaGen-XL and Janus-Pro where policy-only RL degrades FID.
-
Compositional Transduction with Latent Analogies for Offline Goal-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning
Proposes latent analogies and analogy transduction to enable compositional generalization to unseen goal-context pairs in offline GCRL, outperforming trajectory-stitching baselines on manipulation tasks.
-
Learning from Language Feedback via Variational Policy Distillation
VPD frames language feedback learning as variational EM so the teacher policy refines itself via trust-region updates on outcomes while the student learns dense token distributions on its own rollouts, outperforming fixed-teacher baselines on reasoning and code tasks.
-
Switching Successor Measures for Hierarchical Zero-shot Reinforcement Learning
Switching successor measures extend classical successor measures to enable hierarchical zero-shot RL via the FB π-Switch algorithm that extracts subgoal-selection and control policies from forward-backward representations.
-
Block-R1: Rethinking the Role of Block Size in Multi-domain Reinforcement Learning for Diffusion Large Language Models
Introduces Block-R1 benchmark, Block-R1-41K dataset, and a conflict score to handle domain-specific optimal block sizes in RL post-training of diffusion LLMs.
-
Active Learning for Gaussian Process Regression Under Self-Induced Boltzmann Weights
AB-SID-iVAR enables Gaussian process active learning for self-induced Boltzmann distributions by closed-form approximation of the target, with high-probability error vanishing guarantees and empirical gains on PES and drug discovery tasks.
-
Reference-Sampled Boltzmann Projection for KL-Regularized RLVR: Target-Matched Weighted SFT, Finite One-Shot Gaps, and Policy Mirror Descent
Reference-sampled weighted SFT with prompt-normalized Boltzmann weights induces the same policy as fixed-reference KL-regularized RLVR, with BOLT as the estimator and a finite one-shot error decomposition separating coverage, variance, and other terms.
-
Improving Text-to-Image Generation with Intrinsic Self-Confidence Rewards
SOLACE improves text-to-image generation by using intrinsic self-confidence rewards from noise reconstruction accuracy during reinforcement learning post-training without external supervision.
-
Test-time Offline Reinforcement Learning on Goal-related Experience
GC-TTT adapts goal-conditioned policies at test time by fine-tuning on self-supervised selected goal-related offline data, yielding performance gains in loco-navigation and manipulation tasks.
-
Group-in-Group Policy Optimization for LLM Agent Training
GiGPO adds a hierarchical grouping mechanism to group-based RL so that LLM agents receive both global trajectory and local step-level credit signals, yielding >12% gains on ALFWorld and >9% on WebShop over GRPO while keeping the same rollout and memory footprint.
-
KTO: Model Alignment as Prospect Theoretic Optimization
KTO aligns LLMs by directly maximizing prospect-theoretic utility on binary signals and matches or exceeds preference-based methods like DPO from 1B to 30B parameters.
-
Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model
DPO derives the optimal policy directly from human preferences via a reparameterized reward model, solving the RLHF objective with only a binary classification loss and no sampling or separate reward model.
-
VIP: Towards Universal Visual Reward and Representation via Value-Implicit Pre-Training
VIP learns a visual embedding from human videos whose distance defines dense, smooth rewards for arbitrary goal-image robot tasks without task-specific fine-tuning.
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Diffusion Policies as an Expressive Policy Class for Offline Reinforcement Learning
Diffusion-QL uses conditional diffusion models as expressive policies in offline RL by coupling behavior cloning with Q-value maximization, achieving SOTA on most D4RL tasks.
-
Consolidating Rewarded Perturbations for LLM Post-Training
CoRP consolidates reward-weighted perturbations into a single model via low-rank structure, improving base LLMs by 8.1 points on average while using one-tenth the budget of prior ensembles and one forward pass.
-
DRIFT: Decoupled Rollouts and Importance-Weighted Fine-Tuning for Efficient Multi-Turn Optimization
DRIFT achieves multi-turn RL performance via offline importance-weighted SFT by leveraging the equivalence of KL-regularized RL to weighted supervised learning.
-
FLAG: Flow Policy MaxEnt-RL by Latent Augmented Guidance
FLAG augments state space with flow latent variable to optimize a proxy MaxEnt-RL objective, enabling expressive policies with limited importance samples in high-dimensional control.
-
Goal-Conditioned Agents that Learn Everything All at Once
LEO enables efficient all-goals learning in goal-conditioned RL by jointly predicting for all goals in one network pass, yielding >250x speedup over relabelling and better performance on Craftax.
-
Reinforcing Human Behavior Simulation via Verbal Feedback
DITTO uses RL with verbal feedback to train LLMs for human behavior simulation, reporting 36% average gains over base models and outperforming GPT-5.4 on 6 of 10 SOUL benchmark tasks.
-
Offline Reinforcement Learning with Universal Horizon Models
Universal horizon models extend geometric horizon models to arbitrary horizons and apply winsorized distributions for stable offline RL value learning, outperforming baselines on 100 OGBench tasks.
-
Decaf: Improving Neural Decompilation with Automatic Feedback and Search
Decaf uses compiler feedback and search to improve neural decompilation, boosting semantic success rate from 26.0% to 83.9% on ExeBench Real -O2 split.
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Drifting Field Policy: A One-Step Generative Policy via Wasserstein Gradient Flow
DFP is a one-step generative policy using Wasserstein gradient flow on a drifting model backbone, with a top-K behavior cloning surrogate, that reaches SOTA on Robomimic and OGBench manipulation tasks.
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Implicit Preference Alignment for Human Image Animation
IPA aligns animation models for superior hand quality via implicit reward maximization on self-generated samples plus hand-focused local optimization, avoiding expensive paired data.
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Listwise Policy Optimization: Group-based RLVR as Target-Projection on the LLM Response Simplex
Listwise Policy Optimization explicitly performs target-projection on the LLM response simplex, unifying and improving group-based RLVR methods with monotonic improvement and flexible divergences.
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Threshold-Guided Optimization for Visual Generative Models
A threshold-guided alignment method lets visual generative models be optimized directly from scalar human ratings instead of requiring paired preference data.
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AdamO: A Collapse-Suppressed Optimizer for Offline RL
AdamO modifies Adam with an orthogonality correction to ensure the spectral radius of the TD update operator stays below one, providing a theoretical stability guarantee for offline RL.
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QHyer: Q-conditioned Hybrid Attention-mamba Transformer for Offline Goal-conditioned RL
QHyer replaces return-to-go with a state-conditioned Q-estimator and adds a gated hybrid attention-mamba backbone to achieve state-of-the-art performance in offline goal-conditioned RL on both Markovian and non-Markovian datasets.
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When Policies Cannot Be Retrained: A Unified Closed-Form View of Post-Training Steering in Offline Reinforcement Learning
For diagonal-Gaussian frozen actors, PoE with alpha equals KL adaptation with beta = alpha/(1-alpha); empirically, composition shows an actor-competence ceiling with 4/5/3 HELP/FROZEN/HURT split on D4RL and zero success on AntMaze.
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Beyond Importance Sampling: Rejection-Gated Policy Optimization
RGPO replaces importance sampling with a smooth [0,1] acceptance gate in policy gradients, unifying TRPO/PPO/REINFORCE, bounding variance for heavy-tailed ratios, and showing gains in online RLHF experiments.
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Whole-Body Mobile Manipulation using Offline Reinforcement Learning on Sub-optimal Controllers
WHOLE-MoMa improves whole-body mobile manipulation by applying offline RL with Q-chunking to demonstrations from randomized sub-optimal controllers, outperforming baselines and transferring to real robots without teleoperation or real-world training data.
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MoRI: Mixture of RL and IL Experts for Long-Horizon Manipulation Tasks
MoRI dynamically mixes RL and IL experts with variance-based switching and IL regularization to reach 97.5% success in four real-world robotic tasks while cutting human intervention by 85.8%.
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PhyMix: Towards Physically Consistent Single-Image 3D Indoor Scene Generation with Implicit--Explicit Optimization
PhyMix unifies a new multi-aspect physics evaluator with implicit policy optimization and explicit test-time correction to produce single-image 3D indoor scenes that are both visually faithful and physically plausible.
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Value-Guidance MeanFlow for Offline Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
VGM²P achieves SOTA-comparable performance in offline MARL via value-guided conditional behavior cloning with MeanFlow, enabling efficient single-step action generation insensitive to regularization coefficients.
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Target Policy Optimization
TPO constructs a target distribution q proportional to the old policy times exp(utility) and trains the policy to match it via cross-entropy, matching or beating PPO and GRPO especially under sparse rewards.
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Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning with Augmented Step-Level Transitions for LLM Agents
STEP-HRL enables step-level learning in LLM agents via hierarchical task structure and local progress modules, outperforming baselines on ScienceWorld and ALFWorld while cutting token usage.
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Delightful Distributed Policy Gradient
Delightful Policy Gradient gates updates with advantage times surprisal to suppress rare failures while preserving rare successes in distributed RL with stale or buggy data.
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Robometer: Scaling General-Purpose Robotic Reward Models via Trajectory Comparisons
Robometer combines intra-trajectory progress supervision with inter-trajectory preference supervision on a 1M-trajectory dataset to learn more generalizable robotic reward functions than prior methods.
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Unleashing the Potential of Diffusion Models for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
The paper introduces Hyper Diffusion Planner (HDP), a diffusion-based E2E AD framework that identifies insights on loss space, trajectory representation and data scaling, adds RL post-training, and reports 10x performance gains over 200 km of real-world testing across 6 scenarios.
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RISE: Self-Improving Robot Policy with Compositional World Model
RISE combines a controllable dynamics model and progress value model into a closed-loop self-improving pipeline that updates robot policies entirely in imagination, reporting over 35% absolute gains on three real-world tasks.
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On the Non-decoupling of Supervised Fine-tuning and Reinforcement Learning in Post-training
SFT and RL cannot be decoupled in LLM post-training because each step increases the loss or lowers the reward of the prior step under KL and PL analyses.
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$\pi^{*}_{0.6}$: a VLA That Learns From Experience
RECAP enables a generalist VLA to self-improve via advantage-conditioned RL on mixed real-world data, more than doubling throughput and halving failure rates on hard manipulation tasks.
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COLSON: Controllable Learning-Based Social Navigation via Diffusion-Based Reinforcement Learning
COLSON applies diffusion models to reinforcement learning for social robot navigation and adds controllability mechanisms that enable zero-shot adaptation to unseen static obstacles and altered objectives.
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Improving Video Generation with Human Feedback
A human preference dataset and VideoReward model enable Flow-DPO and Flow-NRG to produce smoother, better-aligned videos from text prompts in flow-based generators.
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Diffusion Policy Policy Optimization
DPPO fine-tunes diffusion policies via policy gradients and outperforms prior RL approaches for diffusion policies and PG-tuned alternatives on robot benchmarks while enabling stable training and hardware deployment.
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Agent Q: Advanced Reasoning and Learning for Autonomous AI Agents
Agent Q integrates MCTS-guided search, self-critique, and off-policy DPO to train LLM agents that outperform behavior cloning and reinforced fine-tuning baselines in WebShop and achieve up to 95.4% success in real-world booking scenarios.
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Training Diffusion Models with Reinforcement Learning
DDPO uses policy gradients on the denoising process to optimize diffusion models for arbitrary rewards like human feedback or compressibility.