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AlphaEvolve: A coding agent for scientific and algorithmic discovery
Canonical reference. 74% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
abstract
In this white paper, we present AlphaEvolve, an evolutionary coding agent that substantially enhances capabilities of state-of-the-art LLMs on highly challenging tasks such as tackling open scientific problems or optimizing critical pieces of computational infrastructure. AlphaEvolve orchestrates an autonomous pipeline of LLMs, whose task is to improve an algorithm by making direct changes to the code. Using an evolutionary approach, continuously receiving feedback from one or more evaluators, AlphaEvolve iteratively improves the algorithm, potentially leading to new scientific and practical discoveries. We demonstrate the broad applicability of this approach by applying it to a number of important computational problems. When applied to optimizing critical components of large-scale computational stacks at Google, AlphaEvolve developed a more efficient scheduling algorithm for data centers, found a functionally equivalent simplification in the circuit design of hardware accelerators, and accelerated the training of the LLM underpinning AlphaEvolve itself. Furthermore, AlphaEvolve discovered novel, provably correct algorithms that surpass state-of-the-art solutions on a spectrum of problems in mathematics and computer science, significantly expanding the scope of prior automated discovery methods (Romera-Paredes et al., 2023). Notably, AlphaEvolve developed a search algorithm that found a procedure to multiply two $4 \times 4$ complex-valued matrices using $48$ scalar multiplications; offering the first improvement, after 56 years, over Strassen's algorithm in this setting. We believe AlphaEvolve and coding agents like it can have a significant impact in improving solutions of problems across many areas of science and computation.
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- abstract In this white paper, we present AlphaEvolve, an evolutionary coding agent that substantially enhances capabilities of state-of-the-art LLMs on highly challenging tasks such as tackling open scientific problems or optimizing critical pieces of computational infrastructure. AlphaEvolve orchestrates an autonomous pipeline of LLMs, whose task is to improve an algorithm by making direct changes to the code. Using an evolutionary approach, continuously receiving feedback from one or more evaluators, AlphaEvolve iteratively improves the algorithm, potentially leading to new scientific and practical d
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representative citing papers
FastKernels is a production-aligned benchmark covering 96.2% of HuggingFace Transformers that reveals state-of-the-art kernel agents deliver at most 0.94x aggregate speedup.
Agent-BRACE improves LLM agent performance on long-horizon partially observable tasks by 5.3-14.5% through a decoupled belief state of verbalized atomic claims with certainty labels that keeps context length constant.
AutoTTS discovers width-depth test-time scaling controllers through agentic search in a pre-collected trajectory environment, yielding better accuracy-cost tradeoffs than hand-designed baselines on math reasoning tasks at low cost.
VibeServe demonstrates that AI agents can synthesize bespoke LLM serving systems end-to-end, remaining competitive with vLLM in standard settings while outperforming it in six non-standard scenarios involving unusual models, workloads, or hardware.
MappingEvolve applies LLMs through Planner-Evolver-Evaluator agents to evolve technology mapping code, delivering 10.04% area reduction versus ABC and 7.93% versus mockturtle on EPFL benchmarks.
Prism is the first symbolic superoptimizer for tensor programs that uses sGraph for compact representation of program families, two-level search, e-graph equivalence checking, and auto-tuning to achieve up to 2.2x speedup over prior superoptimizers on LLM workloads.
InfiniteScienceGym procedurally generates unbounded scientific repositories with exact ground-truth QA pairs to benchmark LLMs on data reasoning, abstention, and tool use without static datasets.
IDS is an agentic LLM system that incrementally synthesizes both implementation and proof for distributed key-value stores, succeeding on all 7 specs where prior agents succeeded on only 2.
Introduces the CUSP benchmark across 4760 events and finds frontier AI models can pick plausible directions but fail to predict whether or when scientific advances will occur, with performance varying by domain and insensitive to training cutoffs.
Evolutionary coding agents achieve most benchmark gains through a small subset of edit types and by cycling previously deleted code lines rather than developing new algorithmic structures.
An LLM-based evolutionary search discovers novel kernels for high-dimensional Bayesian optimization, achieving an average rank of 1.2 out of 17 on five benchmarks via two-stage proposal and LOO-CRPS selection.
Latent Heuristic Search performs continuous optimization over learned embeddings of heuristics, using normalizing flows and LLM prompting to discover competitive solvers for TSP, CVRP, KSP, and OBP.
An agentic AI workflow evolves an adaptive XGBoost quantile regression ensemble that reduces watershed-averaged forecast error by up to 29% versus California's operational forecasts for April-July runoff at 1-6 month leads across 23 Sierra Nevada sites.
Property-guided LLM program synthesis with counterexample feedback creates direct heuristics for PDDL planning domains that require far fewer generations and less evaluation cost than score-based baselines.
DIO-Agent frames IO2Code as LLM-driven evolutionary search over programs with a Transformation Priority Premise to favor simple hypotheses, outperforming baselines on a new IO2CodeBench.
SMCEvolve applies Sequential Monte Carlo sampling to LLM program search with adaptive resampling, mutation mixtures, and convergence control, delivering finite-sample complexity bounds and benchmark gains over prior systems.
SemaTune uses LLM guidance with semantic context to tune up to 41 Linux OS parameters, delivering 72.5% performance gains over defaults and 153.3% over non-LLM baselines on 13 workloads while avoiding degraded states.
EvoLib enables LLMs to accumulate, reuse, and evolve knowledge abstractions from inference trajectories at test time, yielding substantial gains on math reasoning, code generation, and agentic benchmarks without parameter updates or supervision.
FrontierSmith automates synthesis of open-ended coding problems from closed-ended seeds and shows measurable gains on two open-ended LLM coding benchmarks.
AEvo introduces a meta-agent that edits the evolution procedure or agent context based on accumulated state, outperforming baselines by 26% relative improvement on agentic benchmarks and achieving SOTA on open-ended tasks.
Pinductor leverages language-model priors to learn POMDP world models from limited trajectories, matching privileged-access methods in performance and exceeding tabular baselines in sample efficiency.
AssayBench is a new gene-ranking benchmark for phenotypic CRISPR screens that shows zero-shot generalist LLMs outperform both biology-specific LLMs and trainable baselines on adjusted nDCG.
A code-graph and correction-based LLM search framework outperforms full-algorithm generation at equal token budgets on three combinatorial optimization problems.
citing papers explorer
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LLMs Improving LLMs: Agentic Discovery for Test-Time Scaling
AutoTTS discovers width-depth test-time scaling controllers through agentic search in a pre-collected trajectory environment, yielding better accuracy-cost tradeoffs than hand-designed baselines on math reasoning tasks at low cost.
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VibeServe: Can AI Agents Build Bespoke LLM Serving Systems?
VibeServe demonstrates that AI agents can synthesize bespoke LLM serving systems end-to-end, remaining competitive with vLLM in standard settings while outperforming it in six non-standard scenarios involving unusual models, workloads, or hardware.
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SemaTune: Semantic-Aware Online OS Tuning with Large Language Models
SemaTune uses LLM guidance with semantic context to tune up to 41 Linux OS parameters, delivering 72.5% performance gains over defaults and 153.3% over non-LLM baselines on 13 workloads while avoiding degraded states.
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Harnessing Agentic Evolution
AEvo introduces a meta-agent that edits the evolution procedure or agent context based on accumulated state, outperforming baselines by 26% relative improvement on agentic benchmarks and achieving SOTA on open-ended tasks.
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Learning POMDP World Models from Observations with Language-Model Priors
Pinductor leverages language-model priors to learn POMDP world models from limited trajectories, matching privileged-access methods in performance and exceeding tabular baselines in sample efficiency.
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Budget-Efficient Automatic Algorithm Design via Code Graph
A code-graph and correction-based LLM search framework outperforms full-algorithm generation at equal token budgets on three combinatorial optimization problems.
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AHD Agent: Agentic Reinforcement Learning for Automatic Heuristic Design
AHD Agent trains a 4B-parameter LLM via agentic RL to actively use tools for automatic heuristic design, matching or exceeding larger baselines across eight domains with fewer evaluations.
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Weblica: Scalable and Reproducible Training Environments for Visual Web Agents
Weblica scales RL training for visual web agents by building thousands of reproducible environments through HTTP caching for stable replays and LLM synthesis from real sites, yielding an 8B model that beats similar open baselines on navigation benchmarks.
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Agentic-imodels: Evolving agentic interpretability tools via autoresearch
Agentic-imodels evolves scikit-learn regressors via an autoresearch loop to jointly boost predictive performance and LLM-simulatability, improving downstream agentic data science tasks by up to 73% on the BLADE benchmark.
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Neuro-Symbolic ODE Discovery with Latent Grammar Flow
Latent Grammar Flow discovers ODEs by placing grammar-based equation representations in a discrete latent space, using a behavioral loss to cluster similar equations, and sampling via a discrete flow model guided by data fit and constraints.
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$k$-server-bench: Automating Potential Discovery for the $k$-Server Conjecture
k-server-bench formulates potential-function discovery for the k-server conjecture as a code-based inequality-satisfaction task; current agents fully solve the resolved k=3 case and reduce violations on the open k=4 case.
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Autopoiesis: A Self-Evolving System Paradigm for LLM Serving Under Runtime Dynamics
Autopoiesis uses LLM-driven program synthesis to evolve serving policies online during deployment, delivering up to 53% and average 34% gains over prior LLM serving systems under runtime dynamics.
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Meta-Harness: End-to-End Optimization of Model Harnesses
Meta-Harness discovers improved harness code for LLMs via agentic search over prior execution traces, yielding 7.7-point gains on text classification with 4x fewer tokens and 4.7-point gains on math reasoning across held-out models.
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What should post-training optimize? A test-time scaling law perspective
Tail-extrapolated estimators approximate best-of-N policy gradients from limited training rollouts by leveraging upper-tail reward statistics under structural assumptions.
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Metal-Sci: A Scientific Compute Benchmark for Evolutionary LLM Kernel Search on Apple Silicon
Metal-Sci is a benchmark and harness for LLM evolutionary optimization of Apple Silicon Metal kernels that uses held-out sizes to detect silent regressions missed by in-distribution scores.
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FlashEvolve: Accelerating Agent Self-Evolution with Asynchronous Stage Orchestration
FlashEvolve accelerates LLM agent self-evolution via asynchronous stage orchestration and inspectable language-space staleness handling, reporting 3.5-4.9x proposal throughput gains over synchronous baselines on GEPA workloads.
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Agentic Architect: An Agentic AI Framework for Architecture Design Exploration and Optimization
An LLM-driven agentic system evolves microarchitectural policies for cache replacement, data prefetching, and branch prediction, producing designs that match or exceed prior state-of-the-art in IPC on standard benchmarks.
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PrismaDV: Automated Task-Aware Data Unit Test Generation
PrismaDV generates task-aware data unit tests by jointly analyzing downstream code and dataset profiles, outperforming task-agnostic baselines on new benchmarks spanning 60 tasks, with SIFTA enabling automatic prompt optimization that beats hand-written prompts.
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LLM-Guided Strategy Synthesis for Scalable Equality Saturation
EggMind automates EqSat strategy synthesis via LLMs and EqSatL, cutting final cost 45.1% and peak RAM 69.1% versus full equality saturation on vectorization benchmarks while transferring to tensor compilers.
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Record-Remix-Replay: Hierarchical GPU Kernel Optimization using Evolutionary Search
R^3 optimizes full scientific applications on GPUs better than tuning kernel parameters or compiler flags alone while running nearly an order of magnitude faster than modern evolutionary search methods.
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TransGP: Task-Conditioned Transformer-Guided Genetic Programming for Multitask Dynamic Flexible Job Shop Scheduling
TransGP uses a task-conditioned Transformer to guide genetic programming toward elite heuristics and generate task-specific rules for multitask dynamic flexible job shop scheduling, outperforming standard GP and handcrafted methods in experiments.
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Computer Architecture's AlphaZero Moment: Automated Discovery in an Encircled World
Automated architectural discovery engines can outperform human design teams by exploring massive design spaces and compressing development cycles from months to weeks.
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EGL-SCA: Structural Credit Assignment for Co-Evolving Instructions and Tools in Graph Reasoning Agents
EGL-SCA co-evolves instructions and tools via structural credit assignment in graph reasoning agents and reports 92% average success on four benchmarks.
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PACEvolve++: Improving Test-time Learning for Evolutionary Search Agents
PACEvolve++ uses a phase-adaptive reinforcement learning advisor to decouple hypothesis selection from execution in LLM-driven evolutionary search, delivering faster convergence than prior frameworks on load balancing, recommendation, and protein tasks.
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pAI/MSc: ML Theory Research with Humans on the Loop
pAI/MSc is a customizable multi-agent system that reduces human steering by orders of magnitude when turning a hypothesis into a literature-grounded, mathematically established, experimentally supported manuscript draft in ML theory.
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AutoResearch AI: Towards AI-Powered Research Automation for Scientific Discovery
A survey organizing AI-powered research automation into five workflow stages, defining AutoResearch and Vibe Research, and proposing five evaluation dimensions while noting domain-conditioned limits on autonomy.
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AI for Auto-Research: Roadmap & User Guide
The paper delivers a stage-by-stage roadmap for AI in research, showing reliable assistance in retrieval and tool tasks but fragility in novelty and judgment, advocating human-governed collaboration.
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Artificial Intelligence and the Structure of Mathematics
AI agents exploring Platonic mathematical structures via proof hypergraphs may reveal the overall architecture of formal mathematics and what makes parts of it human-accessible.
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Agentic Reasoning for Large Language Models
The survey structures agentic reasoning for LLMs into foundational, self-evolving, and collective multi-agent layers while distinguishing in-context orchestration from post-training optimization and reviewing applications across domains.
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