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arxiv: 2111.03606 · v3 · submitted 2021-11-05 · 🌀 gr-qc · astro-ph.HE

Recognition: 2 theorem links

GWTC-3: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the Second Part of the Third Observing Run

A. A. Ciobanu, A. Ain, A. Allocca, A. Amato, A. Ananyeva, A. Araya, A. Balsamo, A. Basti, A. Bertolini, Abhirup Ghosh, A. Bisht, A. Bozzi, A. Bramley, A. Branch, A. Brillet, A. Buonanno, A. B. Yelikar, A. B. Zimmerman, A. C. Baylor, A. C. Green, A. Chincarini, A. Chiummo, A. Cirone, A. C. Jenkins, A. Colombo, A. Corsi, A. Cumming, A. Dana, A. Dasgupta, A. Depasse, A. D. Huddart, A. Di Lieto, A. Dmitriev, A. D. Viets, A. Effler, A. E. Gleckl, A. Ejlli, A. E. Pace, A. E. Tolley, A. F. Brooks, A. Fernandez-Galiana, A. F. Helmling-Cornell, A. Franke, A. Freise, A. F. Vargas, A. Ganguly, A. Gennai, A. G. Hernandez, A. Gopakumar, A. Grado, A. Grant, A. Grimaldi, A. G. Sullivan, A. Hagiwara, A. Heidmann, A. Heidt, A. Hreibi, A. Iess, A. J. Tanasijczuk, A. J. Weinstein, A. K. Divakarla, A. K. H. Kong, A. K. Mehta, A. Kontos, A. K. Prajapati, A. Kr\'olak, A. K. Srivastava, A. Kumar, A. K. Y. Li, A. Lamberts, A. Lartaux-Vollard, A. Lazzarini, A. Lema\^itre, A. L. James, A. L. Miller, A. Lockwood, A. Longo, A. L. Stuver, A. L. Urban, A. Macquet, A. Malik, A. Markowitz, A. Marquina, A. Masserot, A. Matas, A. M. Baer, A. Melatos, A. Menendez-Vazquez, A. M. Farah, A. M. Gretarsson, A. Mhaske, A. Miani, A. Miller, A. Miyamoto, A. M. Knee, A. More, A. M. Sintes, A. M. Toivonen, A. Mullavey, A. Nagar, Anchal Gupta, A. Neunzert, A. Nishizawa, Anuradha Gupta, A. Pai, A. Paoli, A. Paolone, A. Parisi, A. Pasqualetti, A. Pele, A. Perego, A. Pereira, A. Perreca, A. P. Lundgren, A. P. Spencer, A. Puecher, A. Ramos-Buades, A. Ray, Archisman Ghosh, A. Renzini, A. Reza, A. R. Guimaraes, A. Rocchi, A. Romero-Rodr\'iguez, Arunava Mukherjee, A. R. Williamson, A. Samajdar, A. Sanuy, A. Sch\"onbeck, A. Sergeev, A. Sharma, A. S. Hines, A. Shoda, A. Singha, A. S. Markosyan, A. S. Patron, A. S. Sengupta, A. Strunk, A. S. Ubhi, A. Sur, A. Takamori, A. Torres-Forn\'e, A. Trapananti, A. Tripathee, A. Trovato, A. Ueda, A. Utina, A. Vajpeyi, A. Vecchio, A. Vicer\'e, A. Vijaykumar, A. Virtuoso, A. W. Criswell, A. W. Jones, A. Zadro\.zny, A. Z. Jan, B. A. Boom, B. Barr, B. B\'ecsy, B. Biswas, B. B. Lane, B. C. Barish, B. Cousins, B. C. Pant, B. D'Angelo, B. Danila, B. Ding, B. D. O'Brien, B. Edelman, B. E. Ewing, B. Farr, B. F. Neil, B. Fornal, B. F. Schutz, B. F. Whiting, B. Garaventa, B. Gateley, B. Giacomazzo, B. Goncharov, B. Grace, B. Haskell, B-H. Hsieh, B. Hughey, B. Idzkowski, B. Ikenoue, B. J. J. Slagmolen, B. Kamai, B. K. Berger, B. Lantz, B. Li, B. L. Swinkels, B. Miller, B. Mours, B. Nayak, B. O'Reilly, B. Patricelli, B. Piotrzkowski, B. R. Iyer, B. Sassolas, B. Shams, B. S. Sathyaprakash, B. U. Gadre, B. Weaver, B. Willke, B. W. Schulte, C. A. Costa, C. Adams, C. Affeldt, C. Anand, C. A. Rose, C. Austin, C. Badger, C. Barbieri, C. Bradaschia, C. Buy, C. Cahillane, C. Casentini, C. Chan, C. Chatterjee, C. Chen, C. C. Perkins, C. C. Wipf, C. Darsow-Fromm, C. D. Blair, C. De Rossi, C. Di Fronzo, C. Di Giorgio, C. E. A. Chapman-Bird, C. Eassa, C. Frederick, C. Garc\'ia-N\'u\~nez, C. Garc\'ia-Quir\'os, C. G. Collette, C. G. Hoy, C. Gier, C. Gray, C. Hanna, C.-H. Chan, C. Ingram, C. I. Torrie, C. Jeon, C.-J. Haster, C. J. Moore, C. J. Perez, C. J. Talbot, C. Karathanasis, C. K. Cheong, C. Kim, C. Kimball, C. Kozakai, C. Kuo, C. Lazzaro, C. L. Chan, C. Levesque, C. L. Romel, C. Magazz\`u, C. Makarem, C. Markakis, C. McIsaac, C. M. Compton, C. Messenger, C. Messick, C. Michel, C. Mishra, C. M. Mow-Lowry, C. Moreno, C. M. Weller, C. Nguyen, C. North, C. Olivetto, C. O. Lousto, C. Ooi, C. Osthelder, C. Palomba, C. Pankow, C. P\'erigois, C. P. L. Berry, C. Pluchar, C. Rajan, C. S. Menoni, C. Stachie, C. S. Unnikrishnan, C. Talbot, C. Taranto, C. Van Den Broeck, C. V. Kalaghatgi, C. Vorvick, C. Whittle, C. Wu, C-Y. Chiang, C-Y. Lin, C. Zhao, D. Agarwal, D. A. Melchor, D. A. Steer, D. Bankar, D. Barker, D. Barta, D. Beniwal, D. Bersanetti, D. Beveridge, D. Bhattacharjee, D. B. Kozak, D. B. Tanner, D. Buskulic, D. C. Coyne, D. Corre, D. C. Vander-Hyde, D. C. Y. Hui, D. Davis, D. D. Brown, D. DeBra, D. D'Urso, D. D. White, Debarati Chatterjee, D. E. Cohen, Deep Chatterjee, D. E. Holz, D. E. McClelland, D. Estevez, D. Ganapathy, D. Gao, D. G. Blair, D. G. Holcomb, D. Griffith, D. Guerra, D. Hartwig, D. Hofman, D. Hoyland, D. H. Reitze, D. H. Shoemaker, D. I. Jones, D. Jariwala, D. J. Ottaway, D. J. Stops, D. J. Wilson, D. Keitel, D. Laghi, D. L. Ferguson, D. Lopez, D. Lumaca, D. M. Coward, D. Meacher, D. M. Macleod, D. Moraru, D. M. Shoemaker, D. Mukherjee, D. M. Wysocki, D. Pascucci, D. Passuello, D. Petterson, D. P. Kapasi, D. R. Gibson, D. Richards, D. Rosi\'nska, D. Rozza, D. Sawant, D. Schaetzl, D. Sellers, D. Sentenac, D. Sigg, D. Singh, D. S. Tsai, D. S. Wu, D. Tao, D. T\"oyr\"a, D. Tsai, D. Tsuna, D. Tuyenbayev, D. Verkindt, D. Veske, D. V. Martynov, D. W. Gould, D. Wilken, D. Williams, D. W. Yeeles, D. Y. T. Pong, E. A. Chase, E. A. Khazanov, E. A. Mu\~niz, E. Bonilla, E. Calloni, E. Capocasa, E. Capote, E. Cesarini, E. Champion, E. Chassande-Mottin, E. Coccia, E. Codazzo, E. Cuoco, E. D. Hall, E. Engelby, E. Fenyvesi, E. Floden, E. Goetz, E. G. Seo, E. Hennes, E. Hirose, E. J. Daw, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, E. J. Howell, E. J. Marx, E. J. Sanchez, E. J. Son, E. Katsavounidis, E. K. Gustafson, E. Knyazev, E. K. Porter, E. Lalande, E. L. Merilh, E. Majorana, E. Maros, E. Massera, E. M. Gretarsson, E. Milotti, E. Moguel, E. N. Clark, E. Nitoglia, E. N. Tapia San Mart\'in, E. Oelker, E. O'Shea, E. Payne, E. Placidi, E. Polini, E. R. G. von Reis, E. Schwartz, E. Sowell, E. Thrane, E. Z. Hamilton, F. Acernese, F. Aubin, F. Badaracco, F. Barone, F. Bergamin, F. Bobba, F. Bondu, F. Carbognani, F. Cavalier, F. Chiadini, F. Cipriano, F. Clara, F. Cleva, F. De Lillo, F. De Matteis, F. Di Giovanni, F. Di Renzo, F. Donovan, F. E. Pe\~na Arellano, F. Fidecaro, F. Frasconi, F. Garc\'ia, F. Garufi, F. Gissi, F. Guzman, F. Hellman, F. Hernandez Vivanco, F. H. Panther, F. J. Hayes, F. J. Raab, F. K\'ef\'elian, F-K. Lin, F. Kuei, F. Linde, F. Llamas, F-L. Lin, F. Marchesoni, F. Marion, F. Martelli, F. Matichard, F. Meylahn, F. Morawski, F. Muciaccia, F. Nocera, F. Ohme, F. Pannarale, F. Paoletti, F. Piergiovanni, F. Pilo, F. Puosi, F. Ricci, F. Robinet, F. Salemi, F. Sorrentino, F. Travasso, F. Uraguchi, F. Vetrano, F. Wellmann, F. W. Yang, F. Y. Khalili, G. A. Prodi, G. Ashton, G. Ballardin, G. Baltus, G. Billingsley, G. Bogaert, G. Bruno, G. Cagnoli, G. Carapella, G. Carrillo, G. Carullo, G. Castaldi, G. Cella, G. Chiarini, G. Cho, G. Ciani, G. C. Liu, G. D\'alya, G. Eddolls, Geoffrey Mo, G. Favaro, G. Gemme, G. G. Fronz\'e, G.-G. Ge, G. Gonz\'alez, G. Greco, G. Grignani, G. Guix\'e, G. Hammond, G. Hemming, G. I. McGhee, G. Kang, G. Koekoek, G. Kuehn, G. L. Mansell, G. Losurdo, G. Lovelace, G. Mendell, G. M. Guidi, G. M. Harry, G. Mitselmakher, G. Moreno, G. Morr\'as, G. Nelemans, G. Oganesyan, G. Pagano, G. Pagliaroli, G. Pillant, G. Pratten, G. Raaijmakers, G. Riemenschneider, G. R. Johns, G. S. Cabourn Davies, G. Stratta, G. S. Wallace, G. Traylor, G. Ueshima, G. Vajente, G. Valdes, G. Vedovato, G. Venugopalan, G. Woan, G. Zhao, G-Z. Huang, H. A. Gabbard, Hang Yu, Haocun Yu, H. Asada, H.-B. Jin, H. Cao, H. Cheng, H. Chu, H. Estell\'es, H. Fair, H. Fong, H. Grote, H. G. Suh, H. Hansen, H. Hayakawa, H. Heitmann, H. J. Bulten, H. K. Gulati, H.-K. Guo, H. Kitazawa, H. K. Lee, H. L. Griggs, H. L. Lin, H. L. Sawant, H. L\"uck, H. Masalehdan, H. Miao, H. Middleton, H. M. Lee, H. Nakano, H. Ohta, H. Overmier, H. Pan, H. Pang, H. Park, H. P. Pfeiffer, H. Qi, H. Radkins, H. Satari, H. S. Cho, H. Shinkai, H-S. Kuo, H. Sotani, H. Sun, H. Tagoshi, H. Takahashi, H. Takeda, H. Tanaka, H. Vahlbruch, H. Vocca, H. W. Lee, H. Wu, H. Yamamoto, H. Y. Chen, H. Y. Cheung, H. Y. Chia, H-Y. Huang, H. Yuzurihara, H. Zhang, I. A. Bilenko, I. A. O. MacMillan, I. Bartos, I. Belahcene, I. C. F. Wong, I. Cordero-Carri\'on, I. Dave, I. Di Palma, I. Dorrington, I. Ferrante, I. Fiori, I. J. Hollows, I. La Rosa, I. Maga\~na Hernandez, I. Maksimovic, I. Michaloliakos, I. Molina, I. M. Pinto, I. M. Romero-Shaw, I. Nardecchia, I. S. Heng, I. Tosta e Melo, I. W. Harry, I. W. Martin, J. A. Clark, J. A. Font, J. A. Giaime, J. Baird, J. Bartlett, J. B. Camp, J. B. Carlin, J. Betzwieser, J. B. Kanner, J. Brandt, J. Brooks, J. Bryant, J. Calder\'on Bustillo, J. Cameron, J. Casanueva Diaz, J. C. Barayoga, J. C. Bayley, J. C. Driggers, J. Chen, J. C. Kim, J. C. Mills, J. D. Bentley, J. D. Callaghan, J. D. E. Creighton, J. Degallaix, J. D. Jones, J. D. Lough, J. D. Merritt, J. D. Tasson, J. E. Brau, J. Eichholz, J. E. Lynam, J. E. Terhune, J. E. Thompson, J. Feicht, J. F. J. van den Brand, J. F. Lucaccioni, J. F. Nu\~no Siles, J. Gais, J.-G. Ducoin, J. George, J. Glanzer, J. Golomb, J. G. Rollins, J. Hanks, J. Hanson, J. Harms, J. H. Briggs, J. Healy, J. Heinze, J. Heinzel, J. Hennig, J. Hough, J. H. Romie, J. H. Sanchez, J. Janquart, J. J. McCann, J. J. 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Chan, M. Chaturvedi, M. C. Heintze, M. Cie\'slar, M. Cifaldi, M. Colleoni, M. Colpi, M. Constancio Jr., M. Croquette, M. C. Tringali, M. Cury{\l}o, M. Davier, M. Deenadayalan, M. De Laurentis, M. D. Hannam, M. Diaz-Ortiz Jr., M. Di Giovanni, M. D. Pitkin, M. Drago, M. Ebersold, M. Eisenmann, M. Evans, M. E. Zucker, M. Favata, M. Fays, M. Fazio, M. F. Carney, M. Fishbach, M. Fukunaga, M. Fukushima, M. Fyffe, M. Giesler, M. Gosselin, M. Granata, M. Haney, M. Hendry, M. Heurs, M. H. Hennig, M. H. P. M. van Putten, M. Isi, M. J. Cowart, M. Jeunon, M. J. Szczepa\'nczyk, M. J. Williams, M. J. Yap, M. Kakizaki, M. Kamiizumi, M. Kasprzack, M. Khursheed, M. Kinley-Hanlon, M. K. M. Bader, M. Kolstein, M. Korobko, M. Kovalam, M. Landry, M. Laxen, M. L. Chiofalo, M. Leonardi, M. Llorens-Monteagudo, M. Loh, M. Lopez Portilla, M. Lorenzini, M. Lormand, M. MacInnis, M. Magnozzi, M. Manske, M. Mantovani, M. Mapelli, M. Marchio, M. Martinez, M. Masso-Reid, M. Mateu-Lucena, M. Matiushechkina, M. 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Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-11 09:23 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌀 gr-qc astro-ph.HE
keywords gravitational wavescompact binary coalescencesblack holesneutron starsobserving catalogO3bp_astro
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The pith

The GWTC-3 catalog now includes 90 compact binary coalescence events with the first confirmed neutron star-black hole binaries.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper presents an updated catalog of gravitational wave signals from compact binary systems. It adds 35 candidates identified in the O3b period with a probability of astrophysical origin greater than 0.5. Together with earlier detections, this brings the total number of such events to 90. The new candidates are consistent with binary black holes or neutron star-black hole systems, marking the first confident detections of the latter. These observations allow for a more detailed examination of the masses and properties of black holes and neutron stars.

Core claim

Updating the previous GWTC-2.1, the catalog presents 35 compact binary coalescence candidates identified during O3b with p_astro > 0.5. These are consistent with binary black holes or neutron star-black hole binaries, with the first confident observations of the latter type. Including these, the full GWTC-3 contains 90 candidates with p_astro > 0.5 across the first three observing runs, providing an unprecedented view of the properties of black holes and neutron stars.

What carries the argument

The search algorithms that compute the probability of astrophysical origin p_astro to select candidates above a threshold of 0.5.

Load-bearing premise

The search pipelines and p_astro calculations accurately distinguish true astrophysical signals from noise and artifacts without significant misclassification at the chosen threshold.

What would settle it

A reanalysis of the O3b data by an independent team that finds substantially different numbers of events with p_astro > 0.5 or fails to confirm the neutron star-black hole candidates.

read the original abstract

The third Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-3) describes signals detected with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo up to the end of their third observing run. Updating the previous GWTC-2.1, we present candidate gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences during the second half of the third observing run (O3b) between 1 November 2019, 15:00 UTC and 27 March 2020, 17:00 UTC. There are 35 compact binary coalescence candidates identified by at least one of our search algorithms with a probability of astrophysical origin $p_\mathrm{astro} > 0.5$. Of these, 18 were previously reported as low-latency public alerts, and 17 are reported here for the first time. Based upon estimates for the component masses, our O3b candidates with $p_\mathrm{astro} > 0.5$ are consistent with gravitational-wave signals from binary black holes or neutron star-black hole binaries, and we identify none from binary neutron stars. However, from the gravitational-wave data alone, we are not able to measure matter effects that distinguish whether the binary components are neutron stars or black holes. The range of inferred component masses is similar to that found with previous catalogs, but the O3b candidates include the first confident observations of neutron star-black hole binaries. Including the 35 candidates from O3b in addition to those from GWTC-2.1, GWTC-3 contains 90 candidates found by our analysis with $p_\mathrm{astro} > 0.5$ across the first three observing runs. These observations of compact binary coalescences present an unprecedented view of the properties of black holes and neutron stars.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents GWTC-3, updating prior catalogs with 35 compact binary coalescence candidates detected during O3b (1 Nov 2019–27 Mar 2020) that satisfy p_astro > 0.5. Eighteen of these were previously reported as low-latency alerts and seventeen are new; combined with GWTC-2.1 this yields a total of 90 candidates across O1–O3. The candidates are classified as binary black holes or neutron-star–black-hole systems on the basis of component-mass estimates, with the first confident NS-BH identifications noted, while the text explicitly states that matter effects cannot be measured from the gravitational-wave data alone.

Significance. If the reported detections and classifications hold, the expanded catalog supplies a substantially larger sample for population studies of black-hole and neutron-star masses and spins. The first confident NS-BH events are a notable addition. The analysis applies the collaboration’s established matched-filter pipelines, Bayesian parameter estimation, and multi-pipeline consistency checks, which are the same methods used in previous GWTC releases and therefore inherit their demonstrated reliability.

minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the statement that GWTC-3 contains 90 candidates would be clearer if it explicitly restated the number contributed by GWTC-2.1 rather than only noting the addition of 35 O3b events.
  2. [Results] The text notes that no binary-neutron-star candidates were identified in O3b; a brief quantitative comparison of the expected BNS rate with the search sensitivity would help readers assess whether this absence is statistically expected.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive review and recommendation to accept the manuscript. The referee's summary accurately captures the content of GWTC-3, including the 35 new O3b candidates, the total of 90 events, and the first confident NS-BH identifications, along with the explicit statement that matter effects cannot be measured from the gravitational-wave data alone.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in GWTC-3 observational catalog

full rationale

The paper reports an observational catalog of 90 compact binary coalescence candidates (including 35 new O3b events) with p_astro > 0.5, derived from direct analysis of LIGO/Virgo detector strain data via established search pipelines, FAR calculations, and parameter estimation. These steps operate on independent raw data and do not reduce any claimed result to a quantity defined in terms of the catalog itself. Self-citations to prior GWTC papers and collaboration methods describe reusable analysis techniques applied to new observations, rather than load-bearing premises that force the detections by construction. The identification of NS-BH candidates rests on mass posteriors from the signals, which are falsifiable against external benchmarks and not tautological.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on the validity of matched-filter template banks, Gaussian-stationary noise assumptions in likelihoods, and the definition of p_astro that incorporates population priors and noise models from prior literature.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption General relativity accurately describes the gravitational waveforms from compact binary coalescences in the detector band
    Invoked for all template banks and parameter estimation.
  • domain assumption Detector noise is stationary and Gaussian on the timescales of the signals
    Used in the likelihood function for ranking and parameter estimation.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 14981 in / 1391 out tokens · 81173 ms · 2026-05-11T09:23:58.851052+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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