High-significance kSZ detections for BGS and ELG tracers reveal low gas fractions near virial radii in BGS halos likely due to AGN feedback and higher gas fractions in ELG halos suggesting weaker feedback.
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Data Release 1 of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
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In 2021 May the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) collaboration began a 5-year spectroscopic redshift survey to produce a detailed map of the evolving three-dimensional structure of the universe between $z=0$ and $z\approx4$. DESI's principle scientific objectives are to place precise constraints on the equation of state of dark energy, the gravitationally driven growth of large-scale structure, and the sum of the neutrino masses, and to explore the observational signatures of primordial inflation. We present DESI Data Release 1 (DR1), which consists of all data acquired during the first 13 months of the DESI main survey, as well as a uniform reprocessing of the DESI Survey Validation data which was previously made public in the DESI Early Data Release. The DR1 main survey includes high-confidence redshifts for 18.7M objects, of which 13.1M are spectroscopically classified as galaxies, 1.6M as quasars, and 4M as stars, making DR1 the largest sample of extragalactic redshifts ever assembled. We summarize the DR1 observations, the spectroscopic data-reduction pipeline and data products, large-scale structure catalogs, value-added catalogs, and describe how to access and interact with the data. In addition to fulfilling its core cosmological objectives with unprecedented precision, we expect DR1 to enable a wide range of transformational astrophysical studies and discoveries.
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- abstract In 2021 May the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) collaboration began a 5-year spectroscopic redshift survey to produce a detailed map of the evolving three-dimensional structure of the universe between $z=0$ and $z\approx4$. DESI's principle scientific objectives are to place precise constraints on the equation of state of dark energy, the gravitationally driven growth of large-scale structure, and the sum of the neutrino masses, and to explore the observational signatures of primordial inflation. We present DESI Data Release 1 (DR1), which consists of all data acquired during the f
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representative citing papers
A calibration strategy using full-Jones corrections with an in-field unpolarised calibrator and visibility-based multi-epoch alignment enables sub-arcsecond polarimetric imaging with LOFAR at metre wavelengths.
EP260321a is the faintest observed shock breakout tied to a broad-lined Type Ic supernova, interpreted as a choked weak outflow from a stripped star.
Synthetic observables from tECSN models show slower early red-color decline due to higher Ti/Cr and a late-time 12.8 μm Ne II line that strengthens over time, unlike comparable CO deflagration models.
Simulations forecast that 10 years of Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer data could detect the cosmic dipole magnitude using strongly lensed GW events, with tighter bounds from combining double, triple, and quadruple lensed systems.
A single end-to-end Transformer model unifies stellar labels from heterogeneous spectroscopic surveys into a self-consistent scale without post-hoc recalibration.
Vision-language models underperform specialized astronomical methods on real observational data, with accuracy improving when physical explanations are provided in prompts and when raw numerical measurements replace rendered plots.
Five low-redshift DESI galaxies exhibit SEDs and broad Balmer lines resembling high-z Little Red Dots but with higher masses and different BPT positions, possibly as later evolutionary stages.
Analytic compression of EFT parameters for Lyα forest P1D via Fisher matrix and linearization allows efficient marginalization, saturating constraints with linear bias plus five effective terms and forecasting 10% and 2% precision on Δ²_p and n_p at k_p=0.7 Mpc^{-1}.
A low-redshift-agnostic BAO compression applied to DESI data yields binned constraints on dark-energy density evolution X(z) that are consistent with a constant value.
No evidence for cosmological parity violation is found in the first kurto-spectrum analysis of BOSS DR12 and DESI DR1 luminous red galaxies.
DESI DR2 and ACT DR6 data yield 17σ LRG-velocity, 8.3σ ELG-velocity, and 6.8σ QSO-velocity detections plus a 3.1σ velocity-velocity signal, producing f_NL^loc = 15.9_{-34.4}^{+34.6} from the velocity field.
DESI DR1 Lyman-alpha data yields Δ²★=0.379±0.032 and n★=-2.309±0.019 at k★=0.009 km⁻¹s and z=3, sharpening N_eff, α_s, and β_s constraints by factors of 1.18-1.90 when combined with other probes.
A ~1 solar-mass main-sequence star with supersolar metallicity has been traced back to the galactic center as a hypervelocity star ejected by the Hills mechanism.
High-resolution MUSE observations of 30 Gaia multipeak targets confirm 19 AGN multiplets including 6 dual AGN, accounting for 22% of known close pairs below 7 kpc and showing the selection method's efficiency.
A score-based diffusion generative model on deep infrared galaxy photometry yields a star formation rate density peaking at z=1.3 and shows distinct non-parametric star formation histories plus AGN activity peaking during the quenching transition of massive galaxies.
Introduces HICOBIAN, a differentiable fuzzy hierarchical cosmic-web bias model using sigmoid gradients for smooth region transitions, enabling accurate Bayesian field-level reconstruction of primordial density fields validated by Fourier-space statistics.
DESI DR2 BAO data exhibits 2.3 sigma tension with CMB in Lambda-CDM but prefers evolving dark energy (w0 > -1, wa < 0) at 3.1 sigma with CMB and 2.8-4.2 sigma when including supernovae.
Discovery of 14 solitary dwarf galaxy groups with dynamical masses around 10^12 solar masses, interpreted as tracers of primordial dark matter halos.
Spectroscopic measurements confirm a tight 6D phase-space clump of four RGB stars as part of the distant southern spur of the Sagittarius stream, likely stripped from Sagittarius's halo in the earliest interaction phases.
The EGIDE project releases a tenfold larger catalogue of edge-on galaxies with griz photometry, stellar masses, redshifts and star formation rates, finding that red-sequence galaxies are thicker than blue-cloud ones and show a mass-dependent increase in flattening ratio.
A masked autoencoder model trained on 4.7 million DESI single-fiber observations predicts emission-line maps from images that match independent MaNGA IFU data without any IFU training.
Multi-epoch spectroscopy of 33 ECLEs shows coronal lines emitted at intermediate radii with log(distance)-log(black hole mass) slopes of 0.63 and 0.69 for [O III] and [Fe VII], consistent with photoionization setting the radii.
LRDs transition from underdense low-halo-mass environments at z>4 to typical galaxy conditions by z~3.5, with halo growth leading to larger sizes and SED changes that explain their disappearance at lower redshifts.
citing papers explorer
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Precision Kinematic Sunyaev--Zel'dovich Measurements Across Halo Mass and Redshift with DESI DR2 and ACT DR6: Part II. Bright Galaxy Survey and Emission-Line Galaxies
High-significance kSZ detections for BGS and ELG tracers reveal low gas fractions near virial radii in BGS halos likely due to AGN feedback and higher gas fractions in ELG halos suggesting weaker feedback.
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Polarisation and Faraday rotation measure imaging at metre wavelengths with sub-arcsecond resolution: a foundational calibration strategy
A calibration strategy using full-Jones corrections with an in-field unpolarised calibrator and visibility-based multi-epoch alignment enables sub-arcsecond polarimetric imaging with LOFAR at metre wavelengths.
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EP260321a/SN 2026gzf: The Faintest Shock Breakout Associated with a Broad-Lined Supernova
EP260321a is the faintest observed shock breakout tied to a broad-lined Type Ic supernova, interpreted as a choked weak outflow from a stripped star.
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Observational signatures of thermonuclear electron-capture supernovae -- Ne II line strengthening and color evolution as traces of the explosion mechanism
Synthetic observables from tECSN models show slower early red-color decline due to higher Ti/Cr and a late-time 12.8 μm Ne II line that strengthens over time, unlike comparable CO deflagration models.
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Prospect of Measuring the Cosmic Dipole by Strongly Lensed Gravitational Waves Associated with Galaxy Surveys
Simulations forecast that 10 years of Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer data could detect the cosmic dipole magnitude using strongly lensed GW events, with tighter bounds from combining double, triple, and quadruple lensed systems.
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Homogeneous Stellar Parameters from Heterogeneous Spectra with Deep Learning
A single end-to-end Transformer model unifies stellar labels from heterogeneous spectroscopic surveys into a self-consistent scale without post-hoc recalibration.
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A systematic evaluation of vision-language models for observational astronomical reasoning tasks
Vision-language models underperform specialized astronomical methods on real observational data, with accuracy improving when physical explanations are provided in prompts and when raw numerical measurements replace rendered plots.
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Discovery of low-redshift analogues to "Little Red Dots" in DESI: A later evolutionary stage of compact LRDs?
Five low-redshift DESI galaxies exhibit SEDs and broad Balmer lines resembling high-z Little Red Dots but with higher masses and different BPT positions, possibly as later evolutionary stages.
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Analytic compression of the effective field theory of the Lyman-alpha forest
Analytic compression of EFT parameters for Lyα forest P1D via Fisher matrix and linearization allows efficient marginalization, saturating constraints with linear bias plus five effective terms and forecasting 10% and 2% precision on Δ²_p and n_p at k_p=0.7 Mpc^{-1}.
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Low-redshift-agnostic BAO Constraints on Binned Dark-energy Density Evolution from DESI DR1 and DR2
A low-redshift-agnostic BAO compression applied to DESI data yields binned constraints on dark-energy density evolution X(z) that are consistent with a constant value.
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Testing parity with composite-field spectra of BOSS and DESI luminous red galaxies
No evidence for cosmological parity violation is found in the first kurto-spectrum analysis of BOSS DR12 and DESI DR1 luminous red galaxies.
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Measurement of the galaxy-velocity power spectrum of DESI tracers with the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect using DESI DR2 and ACT DR6
DESI DR2 and ACT DR6 data yield 17σ LRG-velocity, 8.3σ ELG-velocity, and 6.8σ QSO-velocity detections plus a 3.1σ velocity-velocity signal, producing f_NL^loc = 15.9_{-34.4}^{+34.6} from the velocity field.
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Cosmological analysis of the DESI DR1 Lyman alpha 1D power spectrum
DESI DR1 Lyman-alpha data yields Δ²★=0.379±0.032 and n★=-2.309±0.019 at k★=0.009 km⁻¹s and z=3, sharpening N_eff, α_s, and β_s constraints by factors of 1.18-1.90 when combined with other probes.
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Discovery of Galactic center ejected star in DESI DR1
A ~1 solar-mass main-sequence star with supersolar metallicity has been traced back to the galactic center as a hypervelocity star ejected by the Hills mechanism.
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Cosmic Duets I. High-spatial resolution spectroscopy of dual and lensed AGN with MUSE-NFM
High-resolution MUSE observations of 30 Gaia multipeak targets confirm 19 AGN multiplets including 6 dual AGN, accounting for 22% of known close pairs below 7 kpc and showing the selection method's efficiency.
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pop-cosmos: Star formation over 12 Gyr from generative modelling of a deep infrared-selected galaxy catalogue
A score-based diffusion generative model on deep infrared galaxy photometry yields a star formation rate density peaking at z=1.3 and shows distinct non-parametric star formation histories plus AGN activity peaking during the quenching transition of massive galaxies.
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Differentiable Fuzzy Cosmic-Web for Field Level Inference
Introduces HICOBIAN, a differentiable fuzzy hierarchical cosmic-web bias model using sigmoid gradients for smooth region transitions, enabling accurate Bayesian field-level reconstruction of primordial density fields validated by Fourier-space statistics.
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DESI DR2 Results II: Measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Cosmological Constraints
DESI DR2 BAO data exhibits 2.3 sigma tension with CMB in Lambda-CDM but prefers evolving dark energy (w0 > -1, wa < 0) at 3.1 sigma with CMB and 2.8-4.2 sigma when including supernovae.
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Solitary dwarf galaxy groups as tracers of primordial dark matter halos in the local Universe
Discovery of 14 solitary dwarf galaxy groups with dynamical masses around 10^12 solar masses, interpreted as tracers of primordial dark matter halos.
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Tracing the very early disruption of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy in the distant Milky Way halo
Spectroscopic measurements confirm a tight 6D phase-space clump of four RGB stars as part of the distant southern spur of the Sagittarius stream, likely stripped from Sagittarius's halo in the earliest interaction phases.
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The Edge-on Galaxies in the DESI survey (EGIDE): sample building and photometry
The EGIDE project releases a tenfold larger catalogue of edge-on galaxies with griz photometry, stellar masses, redshifts and star formation rates, finding that red-sequence galaxies are thicker than blue-cloud ones and show a mass-dependent increase in flattening ratio.
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Integral Field Unit Spectroscopy with One Fiber
A masked autoencoder model trained on 4.7 million DESI single-fiber observations predicts emission-line maps from images that match independent MaNGA IFU data without any IFU training.
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Mapping the nuclear environments of extreme coronal line emitting galaxies
Multi-epoch spectroscopy of 33 ECLEs shows coronal lines emitted at intermediate radii with log(distance)-log(black hole mass) slopes of 0.63 and 0.69 for [O III] and [Fe VII], consistent with photoionization setting the radii.
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Why Little Red Dots Disappear at z < 3: Evolution of Number Density and Halo Mass
LRDs transition from underdense low-halo-mass environments at z>4 to typical galaxy conditions by z~3.5, with halo growth leading to larger sizes and SED changes that explain their disappearance at lower redshifts.
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A New Record Census of Dwarf AGN and a Bimodal $M_{\rm BH}$-$M_{\star}$ Scaling Relation with DESI DR1
DESI DR1 yields 314k high-mass and 9.6k dwarf AGN, extending the M_BH-M_star relation to log M_star ~7.8 and suggesting two evolutionary pathways for galaxies and black holes.
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Velocityformer: Broken-Symmetry-Matched Equivariant Graph Transformers for Cosmological Velocity Reconstruction
Velocityformer achieves 35% higher velocity correlation than linear theory by matching graph transformer inductive bias to the line-of-sight broken symmetry and conditioning on long-wavelength physics, while training efficiently on only four low-fidelity simulations.
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Magnetised CGM Gas at z~1 revealed by SPICE-RACS
A 4.5σ excess RM dispersion of 4.13 ± 0.91 rad m^{-2} is found in 191 Mg II sightlines versus controls, implying model-dependent CGM magnetic fields of 0.4-0.8 μG at projected radii 20-150 kpc and z~1.14.
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From DES to KiDS: Domain adaptation for cross-survey detection of low-surface-brightness galaxies
Domain adaptation with an ensemble of CNN and transformer models trained on DES detects 20,180 LSBGs and 434 UDGs in KiDS DR5, with structural parameters and environmental trends consistent with known samples.
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Unveiling $f(R)$ Gravity with Void-Galaxy Cross-Correlation Multipoles
Semi-analytical calculation of void-galaxy cross-correlation multipoles in Hu-Sawicki f(R) gravity reveals size-dependent deviations from LambdaCDM up to 29.7 percent for small voids, amplified by nonlinear evolution and potentially observable in Stage-IV surveys.
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A Compact Radio Ring with a Diffuse Envelope in LOFAR: Odd Radio Circle or Distinct Phenomenon?
J1248+4826 is a newly identified compact ORC candidate with a ~30 kpc ring radius and ~200 kpc total extent at assumed z=0.2, consistent with the ORC population but with the host galaxy on the ring edge and no ongoing AGN activity.
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Fast radio burst dispersion is an unbiased tracer of matter on large scales
FRB dispersion is an approximately unbiased tracer of matter on linear scales, enabling direct constraints on the baryonic parameter B8 independently of feedback and with statistical power comparable to weak lensing using far fewer objects.
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Precision Kinematic Sunyaev--Zel'dovich Measurements Across Halo Mass and Redshift with DESI DR2 and ACT DR6: Part I. Luminous Red Galaxies
High-significance kSZ measurements around LRGs show gas is redistributed beyond gravitational collapse and imply more efficient feedback in group-scale halos than in standard hydrodynamical models.
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Topolons: Stable Particle-Like Remnants of Collapsed Vacuum Bubbles
Vacuum bubbles carrying quantized monopole flux on their walls collapse to stable particle-like remnants whose mass is fixed by the wall scale and conserved flux.
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DeepDISC-Euclid: Source Classification and Photometric Redshifts in Euclid Deep Field North With a Pixel-Level Deep Learning Approach
Pixel-level deep learning models trained on Euclid and DESI data deliver high-completeness source classification and accurate photo-z estimates for 13 million objects in Euclid Deep Field North.
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Optimizing Deep Learning Photometric Redshifts for the Roman Space Telescope with HST/CANDELS
PITA, a new semi-supervised deep learning algorithm, outperforms prior photo-z methods by using a triple-task loss on images, colors, and available redshifts to produce a smooth latent space.
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Photometric Redshift PDFs via Neural Network Classification for DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys and Pan-STARRS
Neural network classification with CRPS optimization produces calibrated photometric redshift PDFs for DESI Legacy and Pan-STARRS data, achieving σ_NMAD of 0.0153 on LSDR10 and outperforming regression methods.
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Filtering Interlopers with Photometry and Diagnostic Features: A Machine Learning Framework Validated with CSST Slitless Spectroscopy
XGBoost classifier filters interlopers in CSST slitless spectroscopy simulations, retaining 42% of galaxies with 96.6% accurate redshifts and 0.13% outliers.
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$H_0$ Without the Sound Horizon (or Supernovae): A 2% Measurement in DESI DR1
A heuristic power-spectrum rescaling applied to DESI DR1 BAO data plus CMB acoustic scale anchor yields H0 values of 69.2 to 70.3 km/s/Mpc at sub-2% precision across three independent late-time datasets.
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Modeling nonlinear scales for dynamical dark energy cosmologies with COLA
COLA-based hybrid emulator reproduces nonlinear power spectrum boosts in w0wa models to <2% error vs EuclidEmulator2 and produces <0.3σ shifts in LSST-like cosmic shear parameter constraints.
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Probing the limits of cosmological information from the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest 2-point correlation functions
Using idealized synthetic data, knowing the true continuum in Lyα forest auto- and cross-correlations reduces uncertainties on the AP parameter and Ω_m by ~10%, with extension to 240 h^{-1}Mpc scales adding up to ~15% further improvement equivalent to a 40% larger survey area.
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Lya2pcf: an efficient pipeline to estimate two- and three-point correlation functions of the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest
Lya2pcf is an efficient pipeline implementing standard algorithms for 2PCF and 3PCF of the Lyman-alpha forest, with GPU speedups over PICCA and the first large-sample anisotropic 3PCF measurement up to 80 Mpc/h.
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DESI 2024 V: Full-Shape Galaxy Clustering from Galaxies and Quasars
DESI DR1 full-shape galaxy clustering constrains Omega_m = 0.296 ± 0.010, H0 = 68.63 ± 0.79 km/s/Mpc, and sigma_8 = 0.841 ± 0.034, consistent with LambdaCDM and Planck.
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Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich cross-correlations with unWISE galaxies: disentangling radio contamination, dust properties, and electron pressure
Radio contamination must be jointly fit with tSZ and CIB in unWISE-Planck/ACT cross-spectra; its inclusion yields positive signals to ℓ ≃ 6000 that match a two-parameter generalized NFW pressure profile.
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Validation of the Hybrid Bias Expansion model for the galaxy bispectrum
First systematic validation shows Hybrid Bias Expansion model for galaxy bispectrum remains accurate up to k=0.25 h/Mpc in DESI-like mocks, outperforming tree-level EFT.
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Cooler Phases of the Circumgalactic Medium Are More Centrally Concentrated: Constraints from Multiphase Absorption Lines
Multiphase CGM absorption in DESI data shows cooler ions (Ca II, Mg II) have steeper radial W profiles than C IV, with galaxy vs. quasar differences, consistent with simulations.
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Tracing Radio AGN-Driven Quenching in Post-Starburst Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
Post-starburst galaxies at cosmic noon show very low radio detection rates and compact weak sources, consistent with short-lived low-luminosity AGN, while older quiescent galaxies exhibit stronger extended radio emission.
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Electromagnetic Follow-up of the Sub-Solar Mass Gravitational Wave Candidate S251112cm: Kilonova Constraints and a Coincident IIb Supernova
No kilonova detected from sub-solar GW candidate S251112cm, but coincident IIb supernova SN 2025adtq yields suggestive evidence for the superkilonova channel, though inconclusive after accounting for chance coincidence.
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Cosmological test of a length-preserving biconnection gravity
Biconnection gravity produces extra geometric contributions to the Friedmann equations that act as effective dark energy; when parametrized in five common ways and fit to recent data, the Barboza-Alcaniz and logarithmic models are statistically competitive with LambdaCDM.
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Dynamical dark energy from Kretschmann scalar at low redshifts
Replacing the cosmological constant with the Kretschmann scalar yields a dynamical dark energy model that fits supernova and cosmic chronometer data and produces a phantom-crossing equation-of-state parameter w(z) similar to recent phenomenological fits.
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FolpsD: combining EFT and phenomenological approaches for joint power spectrum and bispectrum analyses
FolpsD combines EFT power spectrum and tree-level bispectrum with damping to enable joint analyses that improve cosmological constraints from DESI-like galaxy mocks by up to 30% on As and omega_cdm while extending the usable k-range without significant biases for LRG samples.