First demonstration of optical feedback control suppressing parametric instability in a full-scale gravitational-wave detector.
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Cosmic Explorer: The U.S. Contribution to Gravitational-Wave Astronomy beyond LIGO
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This white paper describes the research and development needed over the next decade to realize "Cosmic Explorer," the U.S. node of a future third-generation detector network that will be capable of observing and characterizing compact gravitational-wave sources to cosmological redshifts.
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- abstract This white paper describes the research and development needed over the next decade to realize "Cosmic Explorer," the U.S. node of a future third-generation detector network that will be capable of observing and characterizing compact gravitational-wave sources to cosmological redshifts.
- background As a result, the GW community is preparing the jump toward third-generation (3G) GW detectors, new observatories that are designed to detect GW sources along the cosmic history up to the early Universe. The 3G European observatory project is Einstein Telescope (ET) [10, 11], while the United States community effort is represented by the Cosmic Explorer (CE) project [12-14]. In recent years the ET project has undergone a significant acceleration, with the suc- cessful proposal in 2020 for includi
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representative citing papers
Nonlocal-in-time conservative tail contributions to gravitational scattering are derived at 5PM and 10SF orders, expressed via polylogarithms up to weight three and agreeing with prior results through 6PN.
Gravitational memory from hairy binary black hole mergers in scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity differs from GR by a few percent due to altered nonlinear dynamics, with direct scalar contributions suppressed, and including memory increases GR-sGB mismatch by more than an order of magnitude.
Coincident anomaly detection trains neural networks on detector coincidence to find gravitational-wave events without templates, reaching recall 0.91 at one false alarm per year on injected signals.
Numerical relativity analysis shows the direct wave frequency in binary black hole mergers correlates with horizon frequency only incidentally at χ_f ≈ 0.7 and has evolving damping time, making it unsuitable as a probe of remnant horizon properties or for testing Hawking's area law.
A general framework for incorporating arbitrary nonequilibrium corrections into linear non-radial relativistic stellar perturbations without specifying constitutive relations.
Authors synthesize SVD-based reduced-order models from wave-optics simulations to provide an effective stochastic description of stellar microlensing distortions on lensed gravitational waves.
First leading-PN derivation of horizon absorption in eccentric precessing BBH inspirals, incorporated into pyEFPEHM, with estimates showing parameter biases in eccentric systems at moderate SNR.
Using LIGO O3 continuous-wave search data, the authors place the first constraints on ellipticities of self-interacting fermionic dark matter admixed neutron stars and exclude regions of the DM parameter space for masses in [0.1,10] GeV.
A cross-correlation search of ~11,000 event pairs in GWTC-4 including sub-threshold candidates finds no lensed GW pairs above 3σ, setting an upper bound of ≤1.5/yr on the lensing rate.
SEOBNRv6EHM is a multipolar EOB model for eccentric planar-orbit BBHs calibrated to NR simulations, showing low waveform mismatches up to eccentricity 0.9.
Implements full-Stokes SGWB map-making for ground-based networks, applies to LVK O3 data, and constrains polarized angular spectra while showing intensity-only models can be biased.
A new redshift-correlation technique with third-generation GW detectors can constrain the BNS contribution to cosmic r-process nucleosynthesis to 5-6% precision via Fisher forecasts on mock bright- and dark-siren data.
Accounting for the minimal mass spread of primordial black holes from gravitational collapse suppresses the Poltergeist GW background to the level of generic scalar-induced signals and reopens ultra-light PBH parameter space.
A contrastive self-supervised convolutional autoencoder detects core-collapse supernova gravitational waves with performance comparable to supervised CNNs, better generalization to unseen waveforms, and ~120 kpc sensitive distance under Einstein Telescope noise.
Dingo-Pop uses a transformer to perform amortized, end-to-end population inference from GW strain data in seconds, bypassing per-event Monte Carlo sampling.
In Ricci-coupled scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, the change in scalar charge during binary black hole mergers generates a scalar memory contribution that modifies the total memory signal on observable timescales.
Full numerical N-body treatment is required for reliable gravitational wave predictions from nonspherical collapse in early matter-dominated eras, with resulting spectra mappable to detector sensitivities via horizon mass and reheating temperature.
Dynamical tidal Love numbers for Kerr black holes are obtained to linear frequency order by matching EFT worldline couplings to black-hole perturbation solutions, including spin-induced mode mixing.
Massive black hole binary mergers produce orphaned low-frequency signals in PTA pulsar terms that can be stacked for archival multiband gravitational-wave detection.
GreyRing model based on greybody factors reproduces numerical relativity ringdown signals with mismatches of order 10^{-6} and enables a new post-merger consistency test of general relativity applied to GW250114.
Generalized Carter and Rüdiger constants for spinning charged probes in √Kerr backgrounds exist only for Wilson coefficients matching spin-exponentiated effective Compton amplitudes up to second order in spin.
Ratio-Filter Dechirping converts gravitational-wave matched filtering from a memory-bound FFT into a cache-efficient FIR convolution, delivering a measured 8x speedup in the core loop.
Bubble collisions in a seesaw model produce right-handed neutrinos that source novel gravitational waves detectable by LISA, ET, and LVK while allowing the lightest RHN to explain dark matter or enable leptogenesis.
citing papers explorer
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First Demonstration of Optical Feedback Control to Parametric Instability at Advanced LIGO
First demonstration of optical feedback control suppressing parametric instability in a full-scale gravitational-wave detector.
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Gravitational Memory from Hairy Binary Black Hole Mergers
Gravitational memory from hairy binary black hole mergers in scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity differs from GR by a few percent due to altered nonlinear dynamics, with direct scalar contributions suppressed, and including memory increases GR-sGB mismatch by more than an order of magnitude.
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The Direct Wave is Not a Meaningful Test of Horizon Properties
Numerical relativity analysis shows the direct wave frequency in binary black hole mergers correlates with horizon frequency only incidentally at χ_f ≈ 0.7 and has evolving damping time, making it unsuitable as a probe of remnant horizon properties or for testing Hawking's area law.
-
Out-of-Equilibrium Effects in Non-Radial Relativistic Stellar Perturbations: A Model-Agnostic Formulation and Mode Analysis
A general framework for incorporating arbitrary nonequilibrium corrections into linear non-radial relativistic stellar perturbations without specifying constitutive relations.
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Horizon absorption in eccentric precessing binary black hole inspirals and its importance for gravitational wave data analysis
First leading-PN derivation of horizon absorption in eccentric precessing BBH inspirals, incorporated into pyEFPEHM, with estimates showing parameter biases in eccentric systems at moderate SNR.
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Model-Independent Search Discards Faint Lensed-Pairs of Gravitational Wave Events in the Sub-Threshold Candidates of GWTC-4
A cross-correlation search of ~11,000 event pairs in GWTC-4 including sub-threshold candidates finds no lensed GW pairs above 3σ, setting an upper bound of ≤1.5/yr on the lensing rate.
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Accurate waveforms for generic planar-orbit binary black holes: The multipolar effective-one-body model SEOBNRv6EHM
SEOBNRv6EHM is a multipolar EOB model for eccentric planar-orbit BBHs calibrated to NR simulations, showing low waveform mismatches up to eccentricity 0.9.
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Polarized Anisotropic Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Search with Ground-Based Detector Networks
Implements full-Stokes SGWB map-making for ground-based networks, applies to LVK O3 data, and constrains polarized angular spectra while showing intensity-only models can be biased.
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Contrastive self-supervised convolutional autoencoder for core-collapse supernova gravitational-wave detection
A contrastive self-supervised convolutional autoencoder detects core-collapse supernova gravitational waves with performance comparable to supervised CNNs, better generalization to unseen waveforms, and ~120 kpc sensitive distance under Einstein Telescope noise.
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End-to-End Population Inference from Gravitational-Wave Strain using Transformers
Dingo-Pop uses a transformer to perform amortized, end-to-end population inference from GW strain data in seconds, bypassing per-event Monte Carlo sampling.
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Scalar memory from compact binary coalescences
In Ricci-coupled scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, the change in scalar charge during binary black hole mergers generates a scalar memory contribution that modifies the total memory signal on observable timescales.
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Dynamical tidal Love numbers of black holes under generic perturbations: Connecting black hole perturbation theory with effective field theory
Dynamical tidal Love numbers for Kerr black holes are obtained to linear frequency order by matching EFT worldline couplings to black-hole perturbation solutions, including spin-induced mode mixing.
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Novel ringdown tests of general relativity with black hole greybody factors
GreyRing model based on greybody factors reproduces numerical relativity ringdown signals with mismatches of order 10^{-6} and enables a new post-merger consistency test of general relativity applied to GW250114.
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Generalized Carter & R\"udiger Constants of $\sqrt{\text{Kerr}}$
Generalized Carter and Rüdiger constants for spinning charged probes in √Kerr backgrounds exist only for Wilson coefficients matching spin-exponentiated effective Compton amplitudes up to second order in spin.
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The First Model-Independent Upper Bound on Micro-lensing Signature of the Highest Mass Binary Black Hole Event GW231123
No definitive lensing is detected in GW231123, though a potential microlensing feature with modulation amplitude up to 0.8 at 95% confidence is noted, limited by large waveform systematics in short signals.
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Eccentric mergers of binary Proca stars
Numerical simulations of eccentric Proca-star mergers show that relative phase between the stars controls post-merger fate and can generate odd-mode gravitational waves absent from black-hole mergers.
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Scalarization and descalarization in hyperbolic encounters of black holes
Numerical relativity in the decoupling limit reveals dynamical scalarization and spin-induced (de)scalarization during hyperbolic black hole encounters for both signs of the coupling.
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Efficient Eccentric Effective-One-Body Dynamics via Near-Identity Averaging Transformations
Near-identity averaging transformations applied to osculating orbital elements reduce the computational cost of eccentric EOB inspirals by up to two orders of magnitude while maintaining accuracy for moderate to large eccentricities at NNLO.
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Improving low-latency multi-messenger follow-up of neutron star-black hole mergers with mode-by-mode filtering
Mode-by-mode filtering of higher-order modes enables low-latency marginalization over mode information in NSBH gravitational-wave signals, tightening constraints on distance, inclination, and secondary mass.
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Radial Oscillations of Viscous Stars at Finite Temperature
Heat diffusion introduces a distinct thermal mode sector in viscous star oscillations that transitions to propagating behavior above a critical overtone, realizing finite-size relativistic second sound.
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Inferring Neutron-Star Properties from Post-merger Gravitational-wave Spectra with Neural Networks
Neural networks trained on noise-free post-merger spectra outperform linear regression baselines at predicting neutron-star mass, quadrupolar tidal deformability, and mass-radius slope from numerical-relativity catalogs.
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Efficient and Stable Computation of Gravitational-Wave Fluxes from Generic Kerr Orbits via a Unified HeunC Framework
A HeunC framework computes gravitational-wave fluxes from generic Kerr orbits with 10^{-11} relative errors and speedups of 3-60x over prior packages by eliminating auxiliary parameters via analytic continuation and adaptive quadrature.
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Relativistic frequency shifts in gravitational waves from axion clouds
A unified relativistic framework using bilinear perturbation theory calculates frequency shifts in GWs from axion clouds, handling self-interactions and multiple superradiant modes for the first time.
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Smoking Gun Signatures of Quasilocal Probability in Black Hole Ringdowns
Quasilocal probability flux at black hole horizons produces non-Hermitian ringdown dynamics yielding correlated multi-mode deviations, weak amplitude dependence, and damping-energy mismatch as a low-dimensional discriminator from modified gravity.
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Fast neural network surrogate for multimodal effective-one-body gravitational waveforms from generically precessing compact binaries
Neural network surrogate approximates precessing compact binary gravitational waveforms up to 1000x faster than the base EOB model with validated accuracy.
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Post-Newtonian inspiral waveform model for eccentric precessing binaries with higher-order modes and matter effects
pyEFPEHM extends prior PN models to include higher-order quasi-circular phasing, generalized precession solutions, and eccentric corrections up to 1PN in selected multipoles for eccentric precessing binaries with matter effects.
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Self-gravitating thin shells are dynamically unstable on all angular scales
Self-gravitating thin shells in general relativity are dynamically unstable on all angular scales, exhibiting an exponentially growing mode for all sampled compactness, adiabatic index, and multipole order ℓ ≥ 2.
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Toward claiming a detection of gravitational memory
A framework using scale separation in the Isaacson description defines observable gravitational memory rise for compact binary coalescences, providing a basis for hypothesis testing in LISA data.
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The relativistic restricted three-body problem: geometry and motion around tidally perturbed black holes
Increasing tidal deformation around a black hole drives bound geodesics through weak chaos, plunging, unbinding, and eventual depletion of all bound motion, with semi-analytic critical amplitudes for each transition.
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Comparing next-generation detector configurations for high-redshift gravitational wave sources with neural posterior estimation
Neural posterior estimation shows a two-misaligned-L ET network yields better sky and volume localization for high-redshift massive BBHs than triangular ET, with fewer multimodalities, though luminosity distance estimates are less precise.
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Sub-threshold post-merger gravitational waves can constrain the hot nuclear equation of state
Statistical combination of sub-threshold post-merger signals from 50-70 BNS events can constrain the maximum mass of hot neutron stars to 11-20% fractional uncertainty, potentially translating to 12-21% on the cold TOV mass.
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Learning Post-Newtonian Corrections from Numerical Relativity
A PINN learns higher-order corrections to the TaylorT4 PN model from eight NR surrogate waveforms, reducing phase and amplitude errors in the inspiral while enforcing physical symmetries.
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Inferring neutron-star Love-Q relations from gravitational waves in the hierarchical Bayesian framework
Hierarchical Bayesian inference on 20 high-SNR simulated binary neutron star events shows a linear lnΛ-lnQ relation suffices and constrains dynamical Chern-Simons gravity length scale to ≤10 km.
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Scalar fields around black hole binaries in LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA
Semi-analytic waveform model for scalar environments around black hole binaries is validated against numerical relativity and applied to LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA data to obtain upper limits on scalar densities with tentative evidence in GW190728.
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Post-adiabatic self-force waveforms: slowly spinning primary and precessing secondary
Extended 1PA self-force waveforms for slowly spinning primary and precessing secondary, with re-summed 1PAT1R variant showing improved accuracy against NR for q ≳ 5 and |χ1| ≲ 0.1.
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Binary Neutron Stars from the Moon: Early Warnings and Precision Science for the Artemis Era
Lunar GW observatories can deliver weeks-to-months early warnings, 0.01 deg² localizations, and ~100 well-localized BNS events per year for GW170817-like sources, with multi-band networks yielding 0.1% mass-ratio and 1% distance precision.
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Gravitational wave surrogate model for spinning, intermediate mass ratio binaries based on perturbation theory and numerical relativity
BHPTNRSur2dq1e3 is a new surrogate model for spinning intermediate-mass-ratio black hole binary gravitational waves, constructed from ppBHPT training data with domain decomposition for retrograde modes and calibrated to NR simulations.
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Evidence for eccentricity in the population of binary black holes observed by LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA
Bayesian inference on LVK O1-O3 events with eccentric aligned-spin waveforms yields log10 Bayes factors of 1.77-4.75 favoring eccentricity for GW200129, GW190701 and GW200208_22, and >99.5% probability that at least one of 57 events is eccentric under an astrophysically motivated rate prior.
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Impact of the Einstein Telescope's duty cycle on the estimation of binary black holes parameters
ET-Δ outperforms ET-2L on luminosity distance and source-frame masses for BBH events because its redundancy produces higher multi-detector uptime under realistic duty-cycle modeling.
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Intrinsic handedness in O1-O4a black-hole mergers: probing orbital precession, remnant retention in dense environments and cosmological mirror asymmetry
92% of 91 LIGO black hole mergers favor non-zero V_GW, constraining bound remnants to at most 8% and finding no cosmological handedness preference with average near zero.
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$\tt BlackHawk$ $\tt v3.0$: Hawking Radiation from Regular Black Holes
BlackHawk v3.0 adds Hawking temperatures and greybody factors for multiple regular black hole metrics to an existing public code via numerical routines.
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Speed and accuracy for long signals: Frequency-domain effective-one-body waveforms for compact binary coalescences
Hybrid SPA-plus-FFT frequency-domain version of SEOBNRv5THM for quasi-circular spin-aligned BNS systems matches time-domain baseline accuracy while cutting computational cost for long signals.
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Probing (sub-)solar-mass black holes and superspinars with current and next-generation gravitational-wave observatories
Using TaylorF2 post-Newtonian waveforms truncated at ISCO, the study finds that Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer can reach SNR of 100-350 and measure primary spin to 10^{-4}-10^{-3} precision for 0.1-2 solar mass exotic compact objects.
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Ringdown Analysis of GW250114 with Orthonormal Modes
Orthonormal QNM analysis of GW250114 raises the significance of the first overtone of the ℓ=m=2 mode from 82.5% to 99.9% and detects no significant deviation from Kerr predictions.
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Agnostically decoding gravitational wave model deficiencies in GWTC-3
No evidence for a mass-scale dependent model deficiency is found in the highest-SNR GWTC-3 events.
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Probing Kerr Symmetry Breaking with LISA Extreme-Mass-Ratio Inspirals
LISA EMRIs can constrain deviations from Kerr equatorial symmetry to 10^{-2} and axial symmetry to 10^{-3} using Analytic Kludge waveforms and Fisher analysis.
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GW231123: Overlapping Gravitational Wave Signals?
GW231123 data favors an overlapping two-signal model over a single merger with Bayes factors of 100-10000, mitigating waveform-dependent discrepancies and suggesting possible gravitational lensing.
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Gravitational-wave parameter estimation to the Moon and back: massive binaries and the case of GW231123
LGWA could observe more than one third of known binary black hole events, detect ~90 mergers per year, and measure chirp mass better than third-generation detectors for massive systems.
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Dynamical Tidal Response of Non-rotating Black Holes: Connecting the MST Formalism and Worldline EFT
Renormalized dynamical tidal response functions for non-rotating black holes in GR carry inevitable ambiguities from renormalization scheme and flow initial condition, yielding scheme-dependent dynamical tidal Love numbers after MST-worldline EFT matching.
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Impact of facility timing and coordination for next-generation gravitational-wave detectors
Simulations of ET and CE networks show delays degrade localization metrics far more than SNR, with LIGO India greatly reducing the impact for multi-messenger and stochastic searches.