First GI BAO measurement from DES Y3 photometric data yields α = 0.966 ± 0.252, consistent with density BAO α = 0.966 ± 0.037 at 0.86σ detection.
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The CosmoVerse White Paper: Addressing observational tensions in cosmology with systematics and fundamental physics
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abstract
The standard model of cosmology has provided a good phenomenological description of a wide range of observations both at astrophysical and cosmological scales for several decades. This concordance model is constructed by a universal cosmological constant and supported by a matter sector described by the standard model of particle physics and a cold dark matter contribution, as well as very early-time inflationary physics, and underpinned by gravitation through general relativity. There have always been open questions about the soundness of the foundations of the standard model. However, recent years have shown that there may also be questions from the observational sector with the emergence of differences between certain cosmological probes. In this White Paper, we identify the key objectives that need to be addressed over the coming decade together with the core science projects that aim to meet these challenges. These discordances primarily rest on the divergence in the measurement of core cosmological parameters with varying levels of statistical confidence. These possible statistical tensions may be partially accounted for by systematics in various measurements or cosmological probes but there is also a growing indication of potential new physics beyond the standard model. After reviewing the principal probes used in the measurement of cosmological parameters, as well as potential systematics, we discuss the most promising array of potential new physics that may be observable in upcoming surveys. We also discuss the growing set of novel data analysis approaches that go beyond traditional methods to test physical models. [Abridged]
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representative citing papers
Galaxy pairwise peculiar velocities from Cosmicflows-4 yield M_ν = 0.24^{+0.34}_{-0.18} eV and η² = 2.14^{+0.30}_{-0.32} (7σ non-zero asymmetry) in the CMB framework, consistent with prior Planck results.
Non-polynomial quasi-topological gravity models reproduce the standard thermal history, generate dynamical dark energy of geometric origin, and fit supernova, cosmic chronometer, and BAO data competitively with ΛCDM.
Rotating black holes with primary scalar hair in beyond Horndeski gravity produce shadows whose diameter increases for negative Q and whose distortion increases for positive Q, with EHT bounds on M87* restricting but not ruling out the (a, Q) parameter space.
Galileon models must obey a void-depth limit tied to expansion history to avoid force breakdowns, excluding ~60% of a linear parameterization's space by z less than or equal to 10.
New exact charged black hole solutions in (2+1)D f(Q) gravity with cubic form yield a novel AdS solution without GR counterpart, with multiple horizons, stable thermodynamics, and stable photon orbits.
The cosmic tetrarchy decomposes BAO-based measurements into four channels that isolate distinct assumptions to test whether the dimensionless sound-horizon ratio remains a single redshift-independent number.
A geometric invariance makes the BAO-SN Ω_m gap invariant under sound-horizon rescaling α and requires opposite w(z) deformations for the two datasets, so their combination cannot reach the local H0 value.
N-body simulations of IDE with Q=ξHρ_x show scale-dependent deviations in the matter power spectrum, density morphology, and halo abundance that standard ΛCDM-calibrated prescriptions cannot reproduce.
A minimal dark SU(2)_D model with anomaly cancellation and Z4 symmetry generates a rank-two Dirac neutrino mass matrix enforcing one exactly massless neutrino.
Model-independent reconstruction shows that early-universe modifications resolving the Hubble tension exist at the background level, requiring a smooth ~15% pre-recombination expansion rate enhancement.
Two-field axion-like early dark energy reduces Hubble tension to 1.5 sigma residual and improves high-ell CMB fits over single-field models.
A new null test is proposed to isolate cosmologies with non-FLRW observational relations by characterizing how they violate curvature-consistency tests of the standard FLRW framework.
Scalar and tensor perturbations in Jordan-frame scalar-tensor gravity admit an exact linear-order Eckart effective-fluid description, with gravitational-wave damping governed by the scalar sector's transverse-traceless anisotropic stress.
Sign-switching dark energy with a transition at z_† fits recent DESI DR2, Planck CMB, and Pantheon+ data better than ΛCDM while raising the inferred Hubble constant and easing the Hubble tension.
KiDS-Legacy weak lensing plus CMB data yields a 3 sigma deviation in light deflection from GR in a Lambda CDM background, with the signal driven by large-scale CMB lensing amplitudes.
Relativistic N-body simulations of Lambda_s CDM produce a redshift-dependent crest in the matter power spectrum ratio, peaking at 20-25% near the transition and leaving a 15-20% uplift at z=0 on group scales.
Generalizing the host galaxy dispersion measure distribution in FRB cosmology with 125 events produces Hubble constant estimates consistent with Planck 2018 and SH0ES while strongly favoring these models over narrow-prior alternatives on feedback strength.
A scale-invariant model uses a diluting-matter-dependent potential to connect early and late dark energy via tunneling, alleviating the Hubble tension with best-fit early dark energy fraction ~0.3 at z~5000.
Derives a new class of stable models with two massless scalars and one massless spin-2 particle from a rank-2 tensor theory by imposing linearized transverse diffeomorphism invariance and massless spin-2 propagation, using a gauge-invariant Bardeen variable approach.
Phenomenological extension of the PNJL model introduces a curvature-sensitive term proportional to (H/H0)^d that behaves as effective dark energy at late times and fits low-redshift data competitively with ΛCDM.
EDE models increase inferred α_s from CMB data, strengthening tension with USR PBH models that predict negative running.
In symmetric teleparallel f(Q) gravity with nonminimal EM-nonmetricity coupling, the distance duality relation is dynamically violated, yielding a generalized formula relating observational distances to the Hubble rate.
Ph-Λ_sCDM realizes sign-switching dark energy via a phantom scalar on a tanh potential, enabling controlled AdS-to-dS transition without Big Rip.
citing papers explorer
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Density-Shear Baryon Acoustic Oscillation as a Cosmological Consistency Check
First GI BAO measurement from DES Y3 photometric data yields α = 0.966 ± 0.252, consistent with density BAO α = 0.966 ± 0.037 at 0.86σ detection.
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Measuring neutrino mass and asymmetry through galaxy pairwise peculiar velocity
Galaxy pairwise peculiar velocities from Cosmicflows-4 yield M_ν = 0.24^{+0.34}_{-0.18} eV and η² = 2.14^{+0.30}_{-0.32} (7σ non-zero asymmetry) in the CMB framework, consistent with prior Planck results.
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Cosmologically viable non-polynomial quasi-topological gravity: explicit models, $\Lambda$CDM limit and observational constraints
Non-polynomial quasi-topological gravity models reproduce the standard thermal history, generate dynamical dark energy of geometric origin, and fit supernova, cosmic chronometer, and BAO data competitively with ΛCDM.
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Rotating Black Holes with Primary Scalar Hair: Shadow Signatures in Beyond Horndeski Gravity
Rotating black holes with primary scalar hair in beyond Horndeski gravity produce shadows whose diameter increases for negative Q and whose distortion increases for positive Q, with EHT bounds on M87* restricting but not ruling out the (a, Q) parameter space.
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How deep can a cosmic void be? Voids-informed theoretical bounds in Galileon gravity
Galileon models must obey a void-depth limit tied to expansion history to avoid force breakdowns, excluding ~60% of a linear parameterization's space by z less than or equal to 10.
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3-dimensional charged black holes in $f({Q})$ gravity
New exact charged black hole solutions in (2+1)D f(Q) gravity with cubic form yield a novel AdS solution without GR counterpart, with multiple horizons, stable thermodynamics, and stable photon orbits.
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The cosmic tetrarchy: four estimators breaking the assumption degeneracy in cosmological distance tensions
The cosmic tetrarchy decomposes BAO-based measurements into four channels that isolate distinct assumptions to test whether the dimensionless sound-horizon ratio remains a single redshift-independent number.
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Geometric obstruction to resolving the Hubble tension: orthogonality of scale and shape in distance measurements
A geometric invariance makes the BAO-SN Ω_m gap invariant under sound-horizon rescaling α and requires opposite w(z) deformations for the two datasets, so their combination cannot reach the local H0 value.
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Non-linear Structure Formation in Planck+DESI Favoured Interacting Dark Energy Cosmologies
N-body simulations of IDE with Q=ξHρ_x show scale-dependent deviations in the matter power spectrum, density morphology, and halo abundance that standard ΛCDM-calibrated prescriptions cannot reproduce.
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A Minimal Dark $SU(2)$ Origin of a Massless Dirac Neutrino
A minimal dark SU(2)_D model with anomaly cancellation and Z4 symmetry generates a rank-two Dirac neutrino mass matrix enforcing one exactly massless neutrino.
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Geometric Constraints on the Pre-Recombination Expansion History from the Hubble Tension
Model-independent reconstruction shows that early-universe modifications resolving the Hubble tension exist at the background level, requiring a smooth ~15% pre-recombination expansion rate enhancement.
-
Double the axions, half the tension: multi-field early dark energy eases the Hubble tension
Two-field axion-like early dark energy reduces Hubble tension to 1.5 sigma residual and improves high-ell CMB fits over single-field models.
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Observational Tests for Distinguishing Classes of Cosmological Models
A new null test is proposed to isolate cosmologies with non-FLRW observational relations by characterizing how they violate curvature-consistency tests of the standard FLRW framework.
-
Thermal channels of scalar and tensor waves in Jordan-frame scalar--tensor gravity
Scalar and tensor perturbations in Jordan-frame scalar-tensor gravity admit an exact linear-order Eckart effective-fluid description, with gravitational-wave damping governed by the scalar sector's transverse-traceless anisotropic stress.
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Sign-Switching Dark Energy: Smooth Transitions with Recent DESI DR2 Observations
Sign-switching dark energy with a transition at z_† fits recent DESI DR2, Planck CMB, and Pantheon+ data better than ΛCDM while raising the inferred Hubble constant and easing the Hubble tension.
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Evidence for deviation in gravitational light deflection from general relativity at cosmological scales with KiDS-Legacy and CMB lensing
KiDS-Legacy weak lensing plus CMB data yields a 3 sigma deviation in light deflection from GR in a Lambda CDM background, with the signal driven by large-scale CMB lensing amplitudes.
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Nonlinear Matter Power Spectrum from relativistic $N$-body Simulations: $\Lambda_{\rm s}$CDM versus $\Lambda$CDM
Relativistic N-body simulations of Lambda_s CDM produce a redshift-dependent crest in the matter power spectrum ratio, peaking at 20-25% near the transition and leaving a 15-20% uplift at z=0 on group scales.
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Generalized Distributions of Host Dispersion Measures in the Fast Radio Burst Cosmology
Generalizing the host galaxy dispersion measure distribution in FRB cosmology with 125 events produces Hubble constant estimates consistent with Planck 2018 and SH0ES while strongly favoring these models over narrow-prior alternatives on feedback strength.
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Connecting Early Dark Energy to Late Dark Energy by the Diluting Matter Potential
A scale-invariant model uses a diluting-matter-dependent potential to connect early and late dark energy via tunneling, alleviating the Hubble tension with best-fit early dark energy fraction ~0.3 at z~5000.
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Linearized transverse diffeomorphism invariant spin-2 theories via gauge invariants
Derives a new class of stable models with two massless scalars and one massless spin-2 particle from a rank-2 tensor theory by imposing linearized transverse diffeomorphism invariance and massless spin-2 propagation, using a gauge-invariant Bardeen variable approach.
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Late-Time Cosmic Acceleration from QCD Confinement Dynamics
Phenomenological extension of the PNJL model introduces a curvature-sensitive term proportional to (H/H0)^d that behaves as effective dark energy at late times and fits low-redshift data competitively with ΛCDM.
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Running into tension: primordial black holes from ultra-slow-roll inflation, spectral running, and the Hubble tension
EDE models increase inferred α_s from CMB data, strengthening tension with USR PBH models that predict negative running.
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Distance duality relation in symmetric teleparallel gravity
In symmetric teleparallel f(Q) gravity with nonminimal EM-nonmetricity coupling, the distance duality relation is dynamically violated, yielding a generalized formula relating observational distances to the Hubble rate.
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A Friendly Phantom: Late-time AdS-to-dS transition and cosmological tensions
Ph-Λ_sCDM realizes sign-switching dark energy via a phantom scalar on a tanh potential, enabling controlled AdS-to-dS transition without Big Rip.
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Mass-Varying Neutrinos from an Inverse Symmetron
An inverse symmetron model for mass-varying neutrinos tames linear instabilities, suppresses matter power spectrum, and may address the Hubble tension via early dark energy around recombination.
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Rotating traversable wormholes and particle dynamics in $f(R,T)$ gravity
Rotating traversable wormholes in f(R,T) gravity are supported by anisotropic fluid satisfying null and strong energy conditions in the slow-rotation approximation, with particle dynamics and gravitational lensing analyzed.
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Signatures of Modified Gravity Below $\mathcal{O}(10)$ Mpc in a Dynamical Dark Energy Background
Modified gravity below O(10) Mpc in a CPL dynamical dark energy background is required to suppress structure growth at low redshifts while satisfying CMB constraints from ISW and lensing.
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Negative neutrino mass or negative dark energy?
A sign-switching dark energy model (Λ_s CDM) recovers positive effective neutrino masses (0.055 ± 0.050 eV) consistent with oscillation data, unlike ΛCDM which prefers negative values (-0.075 eV), for DESI DR2 + CMB + supernova fits with z_† > 2.4.
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Domain-wall Quintessence
A Hubble-scale domain wall quintessence model produces anisotropic expansion but is tightly constrained by Planck CMB quadrupole limits and supernova data to a negligible contribution, favoring standard LambdaCDM.
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On the origin of the environmental step: A BayeSN view of the ZTF SN Ia DR2
BayeSN analysis of ZTF Type Ia supernovae confirms a ~0.1 mag intrinsic environmental step in standardized brightness that is not explained by differences in dust extinction properties.
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Cosmological Dynamics of a Non-Canonical Generalised Brans-Dicke Theory
A non-canonical generalized Brans-Dicke theory admits background cosmological solutions matching Lambda CDM characteristics for constant, power-law, and exponential potentials, with dynamics distinct from other scalar-tensor models.
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Noether charges and the first law of thermodynamics for multifractional Schwarzschild black hole in the q-derivative theory
Multi-fractional Schwarzschild black holes have profile-insensitive Noether mass and geometric area-law entropy, but require an extended first law with work terms for the q-profile parameters to restore integrability of the Clausius relation.
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Alleviating the Hubble Tension Using $\Lambda$sCDM Model: A Coupled Dark Energy - Dark Matter Interaction
The ΛsCDM model with coupled dark sectors reduces the Hubble tension to 1.2σ via late-time expansion changes while keeping the early-universe sound horizon nearly unchanged.
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Cosmological intercept tension
Tensions in the supernova intercept a_B at z~0.01 in PantheonPlus and z~0.1 in DES-Y5 point to data systematics or inter-survey inconsistencies rather than new physics, aligning H0 measurements and reducing support for dynamical dark energy.
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The End of the First Act: Spectral Running, Interacting Dark Radiation, and the Hubble Tension in Light of ACT DR6 Data
Including spectral running α_s, β_s and self-interacting dark radiation relaxes the ACT DR6 bound on ΔN_eff to <0.58 and lowers the Hubble tension to 2.2σ with three extra parameters.
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Generalizing the CPL Parametrization through Dark Sector Interaction
Generalized interacting dark energy models with constant or dynamical couplings yield analytical density expressions but are not preferred over LambdaCDM by Bayesian evidence from DESI, Pantheon+, and CMB data.
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Cosmological Impact of Redshift-Dependent Type Ia Supernovae Calibration
A phenomenological redshift-dependent SNIa magnitude correction shows no evidence in ΛCDM but is preferred at 4.3σ with dynamical dark energy, reducing Hubble tension to 1.5σ.
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A barotropic alternative to Early Dark Energy for alleviating the $H_0$ tension
A barotropic fluid with ω_s ≈ 0.29 and Ω_s ≈ 1.5×10^{-5} raises the inferred H0 to match SH0ES while remaining consistent with Planck CMB, DESI BAO, and Pantheon data.
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Do equation of state parametrizations of dark energy faithfully capture the dynamics of the late universe?
Node-based reconstruction of cosmic expansion prefers stronger deceleration at z≈1.7 than smooth DE EoS parametrizations, isolating z~1.5-2 as a window where the latter may compress localized kinematic features permitted by current data.
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Is the $w_0w_a$CDM cosmological parameterization evidence for dark energy dynamics partially caused by the excess smoothing of Planck PR4 CMB anisotropy data?
Planck PR4 CMB data mildly favors dynamical dark energy, but this preference weakens when accounting for possible excess smoothing, indicating the signal may partly arise from data processing issues.
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Measuring neutrino mass in light of ACT DR6 and DESI DR2
New ACT and DESI data yield model-dependent upper limits on sum of neutrino masses, with holographic dark energy giving the tightest bounds and a consistent preference for degenerate hierarchy.
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Probing Dynamical Dark Energy with Late-Time Data: Evidence, Tensions, and the Limits of the $w_0w_a$CDM Framework
Evidence for dynamical dark energy in the w0waCDM framework is strongly dataset-dependent, driven by mismatches in low-redshift BAO distance ratios that produce divergent expansion histories and inconsistent Hubble tension relief.
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New constraints on cosmic anisotropy from galaxy clusters using an improved dipole fitting method
Galaxy cluster observations yield two preferred directions with cosmic anisotropy amplitude of about 5.3 times 10 to the minus 4 at roughly 1 sigma overall significance, though higher in the XMM-Newton subsample.
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Revisiting the Matter Creation Process: Observational Constraints on Gravitationally Induced Dark Energy and the Hubble Tension
Gravitationally induced particle creation models fit cosmological data as well as ΛCDM and reduce the Hubble tension from 4.3σ to 2.4–3σ.
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Joint Constraints on Neutrinos and Dynamical Dark Energy in Minimally Modified Gravity
The w†VCDM model shows a statistically significant preference for late-time quintessence-phantom crossing dark energy, raises the Hubble constant, and satisfies neutrino mass and Neff constraints from current cosmological datasets.
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Statistics Meet Systematics: Resolution of the Massive Early JWST Galaxy Tension
Systematic uncertainties in JWST stellar-mass estimates, amplified by Eddington bias, resolve the apparent requirement for unphysically high star-formation efficiencies in massive high-redshift galaxies.
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A Bayesian Perspective on Evidence for Evolving Dark Energy
Bayesian evidence favors a constant dark energy model for DESI plus Planck data and shows that apparent support for evolving dark energy with added supernova data stems from a 2.95 sigma tension between DESI and DES-SN5YR that the flexible model resolves.
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Gauge invariant perturbations of $F(T,T_G)$ Cosmology
Derives gauge-invariant perturbation equations for F(T, T_G) cosmology and provides physical interpretations for new contributions in each mode.
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Modified Cosmology from Mass-to-Horizon Relation: Background Evolution
Viable generalized horizon entropies from the mass-to-horizon relation are restricted to a narrow neighborhood around the Bekenstein-Hawking law, yielding only Lambda-CDM-like background evolution.
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Cosmological Viability of Exponential Infrared $f(T)$ Gravity
Exponential IR f(T) gravity Model I alleviates Hubble tension but is disfavoured by combined Planck/ACT/SPT+DESI+Pantheon+ data; Model II is ruled out because background constraints force unphysical shifts in CMB parameters.