HodgeCover isolates the harmonic kernel of a simplicial Laplacian on an expert 2-complex to identify irreducible merge cycles and selects experts for aggressive compression, matching or exceeding baselines on open-weight MoE models.
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Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer
Canonical reference. 75% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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abstract
The capacity of a neural network to absorb information is limited by its number of parameters. Conditional computation, where parts of the network are active on a per-example basis, has been proposed in theory as a way of dramatically increasing model capacity without a proportional increase in computation. In practice, however, there are significant algorithmic and performance challenges. In this work, we address these challenges and finally realize the promise of conditional computation, achieving greater than 1000x improvements in model capacity with only minor losses in computational efficiency on modern GPU clusters. We introduce a Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts layer (MoE), consisting of up to thousands of feed-forward sub-networks. A trainable gating network determines a sparse combination of these experts to use for each example. We apply the MoE to the tasks of language modeling and machine translation, where model capacity is critical for absorbing the vast quantities of knowledge available in the training corpora. We present model architectures in which a MoE with up to 137 billion parameters is applied convolutionally between stacked LSTM layers. On large language modeling and machine translation benchmarks, these models achieve significantly better results than state-of-the-art at lower computational cost.
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- abstract The capacity of a neural network to absorb information is limited by its number of parameters. Conditional computation, where parts of the network are active on a per-example basis, has been proposed in theory as a way of dramatically increasing model capacity without a proportional increase in computation. In practice, however, there are significant algorithmic and performance challenges. In this work, we address these challenges and finally realize the promise of conditional computation, achieving greater than 1000x improvements in model capacity with only minor losses in computational effic
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representative citing papers
Sieve dynamically schedules MoE experts across GPU and PIM hardware to handle bimodal token distributions, achieving 1.3x to 1.6x gains in throughput and interactivity over static prior PIM systems on three large models.
ArgBench unifies 33 existing datasets into a standardized benchmark for testing LLMs across 46 argumentation tasks and analyzes the impact of prompting techniques and model factors on performance.
GPT-3 shows that scaling an autoregressive language model to 175 billion parameters enables strong few-shot performance across diverse NLP tasks via in-context prompting without fine-tuning.
ArchSIBench is a new benchmark dataset and evaluation suite that measures vision-language models on architectural spatial intelligence across 17 subtasks, showing most models lag human baselines especially in transformation and configuration.
Expert specialization in vision MoE models is dominated by a stable animate-inanimate distinction visible from gating to readout, with broader tuning to continuous visual and semantic dimensions rather than narrow categorical preferences.
Residual Paving decomposes selective refusal editing into an early-layer router for intervention decisions and later-layer residual experts for edits, with oracle routing showing that learned route selectivity is the primary bottleneck across six backbones.
DCDM replaces positional blocks with learnable semantic chunks via differentiable Chunking Attention, yielding consistent gains over block and unstructured diffusion baselines up to 1.5B parameters.
MuteBench evaluates multimodal fusion robustness to modality missing and within-modality missing on 125000 samples from 9 clinical datasets, finding architecture family predicts tolerance better than parameter count.
PRISM-VQ integrates vector-quantized latent factors with financial priors and a structure-conditioned mixture-of-experts to deliver improved cross-sectional stock return predictions and portfolio performance on CSI 300 and S&P 500.
Routers in SMoE models form geometric alignments with their experts through shared gradient directions, enabling effective specialization that auxiliary load-balancing losses tend to disrupt.
EEP makes wide expert-parallel MoE serving survive single-rank failures with an 11s recovery pause, 8s reintegration pause, and throughput restored to 95% of pre-fault level within 52s while staying within 4.4% of a fixed-membership baseline in steady state.
SDG-MoE introduces learned signed interaction graphs and disagreement-gated deliberation among experts in MoE architectures, yielding 19.8% better validation perplexity than the strongest baseline.
DTSemNet gives an exact, invertible neural-network encoding of hard oblique decision trees that supports direct gradient training for both classification and regression without probabilistic softening or quantized estimators.
MISA routes to a small subset of indexer heads via block statistics, matching full DSA performance on LongBench with 4-8x fewer heads and 3.82x speedup while recovering over 92% of selected tokens.
StrLoRA is a regularized two-stage expert routing method for streaming CVIT that selects experts via textual instructions and applies token-wise cross-modal weighting with historical routing alignment.
SplatWeaver uses cardinality Gaussian experts and pixel-level routing to dynamically allocate varying numbers of Gaussian primitives for generalizable novel view synthesis.
Standard top-k routers in MoE language models often select suboptimal routes for difficult tokens, and updating only the final router layer raises pass@K on AIME and HMMT benchmarks across multiple models.
MoE experts in pretrained Transformers exhibit functional decorrelation with near-zero Jacobian alignment yet occupy partially overlapping representation subspaces, with routing sparsity modulating the geometry.
TENNOR enables efficient private training of wide neural networks in TEEs by recasting sparsification as doubly oblivious LSH retrievals and introducing MP-WTA to cut hash table memory by 50x while preserving accuracy.
CEA assembles per-token low-rank residual updates via dense affinities over hyper-adapter-generated components to improve all-in-one image restoration on spatially non-uniform degradations.
A buffer-free MoE dispatch and combine method on Ascend hardware with pooled HBM cuts intermediate relay overhead via direct expert window access.
Misrouter enables input-only attacks on MoE LLMs by optimizing queries on open-source surrogates to route toward weakly aligned experts and transferring them to public APIs.
MoE-Prefill achieves 1.35-1.59x higher throughput for prefill-only MoE serving by using asynchronous expert parallelism to overlap weight AllGather with computation and prefix-aware routing with true-FLOPs tracking.
citing papers explorer
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Routers Learn the Geometry of Their Experts: Geometric Coupling in Sparse Mixture-of-Experts
Routers in SMoE models form geometric alignments with their experts through shared gradient directions, enabling effective specialization that auxiliary load-balancing losses tend to disrupt.
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Surviving Partial Rank Failures in Wide Expert-Parallel MoE Inference
EEP makes wide expert-parallel MoE serving survive single-rank failures with an 11s recovery pause, 8s reintegration pause, and throughput restored to 95% of pre-fault level within 52s while staying within 4.4% of a fixed-membership baseline in steady state.
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MISA: Mixture of Indexer Sparse Attention for Long-Context LLM Inference
MISA routes to a small subset of indexer heads via block statistics, matching full DSA performance on LongBench with 4-8x fewer heads and 3.82x speedup while recovering over 92% of selected tokens.
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SplatWeaver: Learning to Allocate Gaussian Primitives for Generalizable Novel View Synthesis
SplatWeaver uses cardinality Gaussian experts and pixel-level routing to dynamically allocate varying numbers of Gaussian primitives for generalizable novel view synthesis.
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When Are Experts Misrouted? Counterfactual Routing Analysis in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models
Standard top-k routers in MoE language models often select suboptimal routes for difficult tokens, and updating only the final router layer raises pass@K on AIME and HMMT benchmarks across multiple models.
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TENNOR: Trustworthy Execution for Neural Networks through Obliviousness and Retrievals
TENNOR enables efficient private training of wide neural networks in TEEs by recasting sparsification as doubly oblivious LSH retrievals and introducing MP-WTA to cut hash table memory by 50x while preserving accuracy.
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Continuous Expert Assembly: Instance-Conditioned Low-Rank Residuals for All-in-One Image Restoration
CEA assembles per-token low-rank residual updates via dense affinities over hyper-adapter-generated components to improve all-in-one image restoration on spatially non-uniform degradations.
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Affinity Is Not Enough: Recovering the Free Energy Principle in Mixture-of-Experts
Adding temporal memory via LIF, precision-weighted gating, and anticipatory prediction to MoE routers recovers effective expert selection at distribution transitions, with ablation confirming a super-additive beta-ant interaction.
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RouteHijack: Routing-Aware Attack on Mixture-of-Experts LLMs
RouteHijack is a routing-aware jailbreak that identifies safety-critical experts via activation contrast and optimizes suffixes to suppress them, reaching 69.3% average attack success rate on seven MoE LLMs with strong transfer to variants and VLMs.
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Hallo-Live: Real-Time Streaming Joint Audio-Video Avatar Generation with Asynchronous Dual-Stream and Human-Centric Preference Distillation
Hallo-Live achieves 20.38 FPS real-time text-to-audio-video avatar generation with 0.94s latency using asynchronous dual-stream diffusion and HP-DMD preference distillation, matching teacher model quality at 16x higher throughput.
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Expert Upcycling: Shifting the Compute-Efficient Frontier of Mixture-of-Experts
Expert upcycling duplicates experts in an existing MoE checkpoint and continues pre-training to match fixed-size baseline performance with 32% less compute.
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SARES-DEIM: Sparse Mixture-of-Experts Meets DETR for Robust SAR Ship Detection
SARES-DEIM achieves 76.4% mAP50:95 and 93.8% mAP50 on HRSID by routing SAR features through sparse frequency and wavelet experts plus a high-resolution preservation neck, outperforming prior YOLO and SAR detectors.
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Diffusion Policy with Bayesian Expert Selection for Active Multi-Target Tracking
A Bayesian expert selection framework with variational Bayesian last layers and lower confidence bounds improves diffusion policies for active multi-target tracking.
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Continual Learning for VLMs: A Survey and Taxonomy Beyond Forgetting
The paper offers a comprehensive survey and proposes a new taxonomy for continual learning strategies in VLMs and MLLMs to combat catastrophic forgetting beyond traditional methods.
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Enabling Performant and Flexible Model-Internal Observability for LLM Inference
DMI-Lib delivers 0.4-6.8% overhead for offline batch LLM inference and ~6% for moderate online serving while exposing rich internal signals across backends, cutting latency overhead 2-15x versus prior observability baselines.
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GenMed: A Pairwise Generative Reformulation of Medical Diagnostic Tasks
GenMed uses diffusion models to capture P(X,Y) for medical tasks and performs inference via gradient-based test-time optimization, supporting arbitrary observation combinations without retraining.
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STAR: Failure-Aware Markovian Routing for Multi-Agent Spatiotemporal Reasoning
STAR presents a failure-aware routing framework using a state-conditioned transition policy and an agent routing matrix combining expert routes with learned recoveries from execution traces to improve multi-agent spatiotemporal reasoning.
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Sparse Layers are Critical to Scaling Looped Language Models
Looped MoE models scale better than standard transformers because different experts activate on each loop pass, recovering expressivity without extra parameters, and support superior early exits.
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DIMoE-Adapters: Dynamic Expert Evolution for Continual Learning in Vision-Language Models
DIMoE-Adapters uses self-calibrated expert evolution and prototype-guided selection to dynamically grow and allocate experts, outperforming prior continual learning methods on vision-language models.
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UniPool: A Globally Shared Expert Pool for Mixture-of-Experts
A shared global expert pool in MoE improves validation loss over per-layer experts and allows sublinear expert-parameter growth with depth.
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VisMMOE: Exploiting Visual-Expert Affinity for Efficient Visual-Language MoE Offloading
VisMMoE exploits visual-expert affinity via token pruning to achieve up to 2.68x faster VL-MoE inference on memory-constrained hardware while keeping accuracy competitive.
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Piper: Efficient Large-Scale MoE Training via Resource Modeling and Pipelined Hybrid Parallelism
Piper introduces resource modeling and pipelined hybrid parallelism for MoE training, delivering 2-3.5X higher MFU than prior frameworks and 1.2-9X better all-to-all bandwidth.
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State Stream Transformer (SST) V2: Parallel Training of Nonlinear Recurrence for Latent Space Reasoning
SST V2 introduces parallel-trainable nonlinear recurrence in latent space to let transformers reason continuously across positions, delivering +15 points on GPQA-Diamond and halving remaining GSM8K errors over matched baselines.
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SMoES: Soft Modality-Guided Expert Specialization in MoE-VLMs
SMoES improves MoE-VLM performance and efficiency via soft modality-guided expert routing and inter-bin mutual information regularization, yielding 0.9-4.2% task gains and 56% communication reduction.
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Temporally Extended Mixture-of-Experts Models
Temporally extended MoE layers using the option-critic framework with deliberation costs cut switching rates below 5% while retaining most capability on MATH, MMLU, and MMMLU.
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MoRI: Mixture of RL and IL Experts for Long-Horizon Manipulation Tasks
MoRI dynamically mixes RL and IL experts with variance-based switching and IL regularization to reach 97.5% success in four real-world robotic tasks while cutting human intervention by 85.8%.
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Symbiotic-MoE: Unlocking the Synergy between Generation and Understanding
Symbiotic-MoE introduces modality-aware expert disentanglement and progressive training in a multimodal MoE to achieve synergistic generation and understanding without task interference or extra parameters.
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FluxMoE: Decoupling Expert Residency for High-Performance MoE Serving
FluxMoE decouples MoE expert weights from persistent GPU residency via on-demand paging, achieving up to 3x throughput gains over vLLM in memory-constrained inference without accuracy loss.
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IP-Adapter: Text Compatible Image Prompt Adapter for Text-to-Image Diffusion Models
IP-Adapter adds effective image prompting to text-to-image diffusion models using a lightweight decoupled cross-attention adapter that works alongside text prompts and other controls.
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Benchmarking EngGPT2-16B-A3B against Comparable Italian and International Open-source LLMs
EngGPT2MoE-16B-A3B matches or exceeds other Italian open-source LLMs on most international benchmarks while remaining competitive on ITALIC, though it trails some top international models.
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PACEvolve++: Improving Test-time Learning for Evolutionary Search Agents
PACEvolve++ uses a phase-adaptive reinforcement learning advisor to decouple hypothesis selection from execution in LLM-driven evolutionary search, delivering faster convergence than prior frameworks on load balancing, recommendation, and protein tasks.
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Nexusformer: Nonlinear Attention Expansion for Stable and Inheritable Transformer Scaling
Nexusformer uses a three-stage nonlinear mapping in attention to enable stable, inheritable scaling of transformers, matching baseline perplexity with up to 41.5% less compute when growing from 240M to 440M parameters.
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SubFlow: Sub-mode Conditioned Flow Matching for Diverse One-Step Generation
SubFlow restores full mode coverage in one-step flow matching by conditioning on sub-modes from semantic clustering, yielding higher diversity on ImageNet-256 while preserving FID.
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Attention Is All You Need
Pith review generated a malformed one-line summary.
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Mamoda2.5: Enhancing Unified Multimodal Model with DiT-MoE
Mamoda2.5 is a 25B-parameter DiT-MoE unified AR-Diffusion model that reaches top video generation and editing benchmarks with 4-step inference up to 95.9x faster than baselines.
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LLMOrbit: A Circular Taxonomy of Large Language Models -From Scaling Walls to Agentic AI Systems
A survey taxonomy of LLMs identifies three scaling crises and six efficiency paradigms while tracing the shift from generation to tool-using agents.
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Large Language Models: A Survey
The paper surveys key large language models, their training methods, datasets, evaluation benchmarks, and future research directions in the field.
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Opportunities and Challenges of Large Language Models for Low-Resource Languages in Humanities Research
This survey paper identifies opportunities for LLMs in low-resource language humanities research along with challenges in data accessibility, model adaptability, and cultural sensitivity.
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A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Models
A survey paper providing an overview of Large Language Models, their background, and recent advances in the field.