ShadowMerge exploits relation-channel conflicts to poison graph-based agent memory, achieving 93.8% average attack success rate on Mem0 and real-world datasets while bypassing existing defenses.
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MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems
Canonical reference. 77% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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abstract
Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized AI, but are constrained by limited context windows, hindering their utility in tasks like extended conversations and document analysis. To enable using context beyond limited context windows, we propose virtual context management, a technique drawing inspiration from hierarchical memory systems in traditional operating systems that provide the appearance of large memory resources through data movement between fast and slow memory. Using this technique, we introduce MemGPT (Memory-GPT), a system that intelligently manages different memory tiers in order to effectively provide extended context within the LLM's limited context window, and utilizes interrupts to manage control flow between itself and the user. We evaluate our OS-inspired design in two domains where the limited context windows of modern LLMs severely handicaps their performance: document analysis, where MemGPT is able to analyze large documents that far exceed the underlying LLM's context window, and multi-session chat, where MemGPT can create conversational agents that remember, reflect, and evolve dynamically through long-term interactions with their users. We release MemGPT code and data for our experiments at https://memgpt.ai.
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- abstract Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized AI, but are constrained by limited context windows, hindering their utility in tasks like extended conversations and document analysis. To enable using context beyond limited context windows, we propose virtual context management, a technique drawing inspiration from hierarchical memory systems in traditional operating systems that provide the appearance of large memory resources through data movement between fast and slow memory. Using this technique, we introduce MemGPT (Memory-GPT), a system that intelligently manages different memory tiers i
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co-cited works
representative citing papers
MemEvoBench is presented as the first standardized benchmark for long-horizon memory safety in LLM agents, covering adversarial memory injection, noisy tool outputs, and biased feedback across QA and workflow tasks.
A language-model-driven agentic AI system autonomously executes multi-stage physics experiments at a production synchrotron light source, reducing preparation time by two orders of magnitude while upholding safety constraints.
The authors create the first large-scale dataset and taxonomy of failure modes in multi-agent LLM systems to explain their limited performance gains.
Momento benchmark reveals current agents fail at multi-session tasks mainly by misestimating user state and treating old session history as current context instead of stale data needing re-validation.
Introduces QGP and PushBench to evaluate LLM agent persistence on quantitative goals, showing specialized controllers outperform baselines on verifier-checked artifact collection tasks.
GraphFlow uses a unified wGraph to dynamically instantiate workflows and manage KV caches for LLM agents, reporting 4.95 pp average gains and 4x memory reduction on five benchmarks.
MemConflict provides a benchmark for testing LLM long-term memory systems under dynamic, static, and conditional conflicts involving temporal validity, factual correctness, and contextual applicability.
SocialMemBench provides 1,031 QA pairs from 43 synthetic social networks to show that existing AI memory frameworks perform poorly in multi-party group settings compared to full-context baselines.
EXG is an experience graph framework for self-evolving LLM agents that supports online real-time growth and offline reuse to enhance solution quality and efficiency on code generation and reasoning benchmarks.
S-Bus reconstructs read sets from HTTP traffic for multi-agent LLM state coordination, delivering Observable-Read Isolation with formal proofs and empirical safety matching traditional databases.
RecMem reduces memory construction token costs by up to 87% in long-running LLM agents by consolidating memory only upon sustained recurrence of semantically similar interactions, while exceeding the accuracy of three prior systems.
SMMBench is a benchmark evaluating multimodal agents on cross-source reasoning, conflict resolution, preference reasoning, and action prediction, showing current systems struggle with evidence distributed across heterogeneous sources.
MemDocAgent generates consistent hierarchical repository-level code documentation by combining dependency-aware traversal with memory-guided agent interactions that accumulate work traces.
EvolveMem enables autonomous self-evolution of LLM memory retrieval configurations via LLM diagnosis and safeguards, delivering 25.7% gains over strong baselines on LoCoMo and 18.9% on MemBench with positive cross-benchmark transfer.
LongMemEval-V2 is a new benchmark where AgentRunbook-C reaches 72.5% accuracy on long-term agent memory tasks, beating RAG baselines at 48.5% and basic coding agents at 69.3%.
All tested LLM memory systems fail at dependency reasoning in multi-entity evolving scenarios, with only an expensive file-based setup showing partial recovery.
PRISM is a tiered benchmark with 300 human-verified tasks across five photorealistic apartments that diagnoses embodied agent failures in basic ability, reasoning ability, and long-horizon ability using an agent-agnostic API.
EVOCHAMBER enables test-time co-evolution of multi-agent systems across three scales, producing emergent niche specialists and performance gains of up to 32% relative on math tasks with Qwen3-8B.
Memory for long-horizon agents should preserve distinctions that affect decisions under a fixed budget, not descriptive features, yielding an exact forgetting boundary and a new online learner DeMem with regret guarantees.
TimeClaw is an exploratory execution learning system that turns multiple valid tool-use paths into hierarchical distilled experience for improved time-series reasoning without test-time adaptation.
Nautilus Compass is a black-box drift detector for production LLM agents that uses weighted cosine similarity on BGE-m3 embeddings of raw text against anchors, achieving 0.83 ROC AUC on real session traces while shipping as plugins and servers with an audit log.
A new evaluation protocol shows agent memory reliability degrades variably with added irrelevant sessions depending on agent, memory interface, and scale.
MemoRepair formalizes the cascade update problem in agentic memory and solves it via a min-cut reduction that eliminates invalidated memory exposure to 0% while recovering 91-94% of valid successors at 57-76% of baseline repair cost.
citing papers explorer
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ShadowMerge: A Novel Poisoning Attack on Graph-Based Agent Memory via Relation-Channel Conflicts
ShadowMerge exploits relation-channel conflicts to poison graph-based agent memory, achieving 93.8% average attack success rate on Mem0 and real-world datasets while bypassing existing defenses.
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MemEvoBench: Benchmarking Safety Risks from Memory Misevolution in LLM Agents
MemEvoBench is presented as the first standardized benchmark for long-horizon memory safety in LLM agents, covering adversarial memory injection, noisy tool outputs, and biased feedback across QA and workflow tasks.
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Agentic AI for Multi-Stage Physics Experiments at a Large-Scale User Facility Particle Accelerator
A language-model-driven agentic AI system autonomously executes multi-stage physics experiments at a production synchrotron light source, reducing preparation time by two orders of magnitude while upholding safety constraints.
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Why Do Multi-Agent LLM Systems Fail?
The authors create the first large-scale dataset and taxonomy of failure modes in multi-agent LLM systems to explain their limited performance gains.
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Momento: Evaluating Persistent Memory and Reasoning with Multi-Session Agentic Conversations
Momento benchmark reveals current agents fail at multi-session tasks mainly by misestimating user state and treating old session history as current context instead of stale data needing re-validation.
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Push Your Agent: Measuring and Enforcing Quantitative Goal Persistence in Long-Horizon LLM Agents
Introduces QGP and PushBench to evaluate LLM agent persistence on quantitative goals, showing specialized controllers outperform baselines on verifier-checked artifact collection tasks.
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GraphFlow: A Graph-Based Workflow Management for Efficient LLM-Agent Serving
GraphFlow uses a unified wGraph to dynamically instantiate workflows and manage KV caches for LLM agents, reporting 4.95 pp average gains and 4x memory reduction on five benchmarks.
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MemConflict: Evaluating Long-Term Memory Systems Under Memory Conflicts
MemConflict provides a benchmark for testing LLM long-term memory systems under dynamic, static, and conditional conflicts involving temporal validity, factual correctness, and contextual applicability.
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SocialMemBench: Are AI Memory Systems Ready for Social Group Settings?
SocialMemBench provides 1,031 QA pairs from 43 synthetic social networks to show that existing AI memory frameworks perform poorly in multi-party group settings compared to full-context baselines.
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EXG: Self-Evolving Agents with Experience Graphs
EXG is an experience graph framework for self-evolving LLM agents that supports online real-time growth and offline reuse to enhance solution quality and efficiency on code generation and reasoning benchmarks.
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S-Bus: Automatic Read-Set Reconstruction for Multi-Agent LLM State Coordination
S-Bus reconstructs read sets from HTTP traffic for multi-agent LLM state coordination, delivering Observable-Read Isolation with formal proofs and empirical safety matching traditional databases.
-
RecMem: Recurrence-based Memory Consolidation for Efficient and Effective Long-Running LLM Agents
RecMem reduces memory construction token costs by up to 87% in long-running LLM agents by consolidating memory only upon sustained recurrence of semantically similar interactions, while exceeding the accuracy of three prior systems.
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SMMBench: A Benchmark for Source-Distributed Multimodal Agent Memory
SMMBench is a benchmark evaluating multimodal agents on cross-source reasoning, conflict resolution, preference reasoning, and action prediction, showing current systems struggle with evidence distributed across heterogeneous sources.
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Remember Your Trace: Memory-Guided Long-Horizon Agentic Framework for Consistent and Hierarchical Repository-Level Code Documentation
MemDocAgent generates consistent hierarchical repository-level code documentation by combining dependency-aware traversal with memory-guided agent interactions that accumulate work traces.
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EvolveMem:Self-Evolving Memory Architecture via AutoResearch for LLM Agents
EvolveMem enables autonomous self-evolution of LLM memory retrieval configurations via LLM diagnosis and safeguards, delivering 25.7% gains over strong baselines on LoCoMo and 18.9% on MemBench with positive cross-benchmark transfer.
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LongMemEval-V2: Evaluating Long-Term Agent Memory Toward Experienced Colleagues
LongMemEval-V2 is a new benchmark where AgentRunbook-C reaches 72.5% accuracy on long-term agent memory tasks, beating RAG baselines at 48.5% and basic coding agents at 69.3%.
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MEME: Multi-entity & Evolving Memory Evaluation
All tested LLM memory systems fail at dependency reasoning in multi-entity evolving scenarios, with only an expensive file-based setup showing partial recovery.
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PRISM: : Planning and Reasoning with Intent in Simulated Embodied Environments
PRISM is a tiered benchmark with 300 human-verified tasks across five photorealistic apartments that diagnoses embodied agent failures in basic ability, reasoning ability, and long-horizon ability using an agent-agnostic API.
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EVOCHAMBER: Test-Time Co-evolution of Multi-Agent System at Individual, Team, and Population Scales
EVOCHAMBER enables test-time co-evolution of multi-agent systems across three scales, producing emergent niche specialists and performance gains of up to 32% relative on math tasks with Qwen3-8B.
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Remember the Decision, Not the Description: A Rate-Distortion Framework for Agent Memory
Memory for long-horizon agents should preserve distinctions that affect decisions under a fixed budget, not descriptive features, yielding an exact forgetting boundary and a new online learner DeMem with regret guarantees.
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TimeClaw: A Time-Series AI Agent with Exploratory Execution Learning
TimeClaw is an exploratory execution learning system that turns multiple valid tool-use paths into hierarchical distilled experience for improved time-series reasoning without test-time adaptation.
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Nautilus Compass: Black-box Persona Drift Detection for Production LLM Agents
Nautilus Compass is a black-box drift detector for production LLM agents that uses weighted cosine similarity on BGE-m3 embeddings of raw text against anchors, achieving 0.83 ROC AUC on real session traces while shipping as plugins and servers with an audit log.
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When Stored Evidence Stops Being Usable: Scale-Conditioned Evaluation of Agent Memory
A new evaluation protocol shows agent memory reliability degrades variably with added irrelevant sessions depending on agent, memory interface, and scale.
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MEMOREPAIR: Barrier-First Cascade Repair in Agentic Memory
MemoRepair formalizes the cascade update problem in agentic memory and solves it via a min-cut reduction that eliminates invalidated memory exposure to 0% while recovering 91-94% of valid successors at 57-76% of baseline repair cost.
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Stateful Agent Backdoor
A stateful backdoor for LLM agents, modeled as a Mealy machine with a decomposition framework, enables incremental malicious actions across sessions and achieves 80-95% attack success rate on four models.
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Telegraph English: Semantic Prompt Compression via Structured Symbolic Rewriting
Telegraph English compresses prompts via structured symbolic rewriting into atomic facts, achieving roughly 50% token reduction with 99.1% key-fact accuracy on LongBench-v2 and outperforming token-deletion baselines across models.
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MemFlow: Intent-Driven Memory Orchestration for Small Language Model Agents
MemFlow routes queries by intent to tiered memory operations, nearly doubling accuracy of a 1.7B SLM on long-horizon benchmarks compared to full-context baselines.
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Perturbation Dose Responses in Recursive LLM Loops: Raw Switching, Stochastic Floors, and Persistent Escape under Append, Replace, and Dialog Updates
In 30-step recursive LLM loops, append-mode persistent escape from source basins reaches 50% near 400 tokens under full history but plateaus below 50% under tail-clip memory policy, while replace-mode switching largely reflects state reset.
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MEMAUDIT: An Exact Package-Oracle Evaluation Protocol for Budgeted Long-Term LLM Memory Writing
MEMAUDIT is a new exact optimization protocol for evaluating budgeted LLM memory writing that uses package-oracle fixes and MILP solvers to separate representation quality, validity preservation, and selection effects.
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SRTJ: Self-Evolving Rule-Driven Training-Free LLM Jailbreaking
SRTJ is a training-free jailbreak method that evolves hierarchical attack rules using iterative verifier feedback and ASP-based constraint-aware composition to achieve stable high success rates on HarmBench across multiple LLMs.
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Learning How and What to Memorize: Cognition-Inspired Two-Stage Optimization for Evolving Memory
MemCoE learns memory organization guidelines via contrastive feedback and then trains a guideline-aligned RL policy for memory updates, yielding consistent gains on personalization benchmarks.
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OCR-Memory: Optical Context Retrieval for Long-Horizon Agent Memory
OCR-Memory encodes agent trajectories as images with visual anchors and retrieves verbatim text via locate-and-transcribe, yielding gains on long-horizon benchmarks under strict context limits.
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A Systematic Survey of Security Threats and Defenses in LLM-Based AI Agents: A Layered Attack Surface Framework
A new 7x4 taxonomy organizes agentic AI security threats by architectural layer and persistence timescale, revealing under-explored upper layers and missing defenses after surveying 116 papers.
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Four-Axis Decision Alignment for Long-Horizon Enterprise AI Agents
Long-horizon enterprise AI agents' decisions decompose into four measurable axes, with benchmark experiments on six memory architectures revealing distinct weaknesses and reversing a pre-registered prediction on summarization.
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GTA-2: Benchmarking General Tool Agents from Atomic Tool-Use to Open-Ended Workflows
GTA-2 benchmark shows frontier models achieve below 50% on atomic tool tasks and only 14.39% success on realistic long-horizon workflows, with execution harnesses like Manus providing substantial gains.
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vstash: Local-First Hybrid Retrieval with Adaptive Fusion for LLM Agents
vstash shows that hybrid retrieval disagreements provide a free training signal to fine-tune 33M-parameter embeddings, yielding NDCG@10 gains up to 19.5% on NFCorpus and matching some larger models on three of five BEIR datasets.
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SAGER: Self-Evolving User Policy Skills for Recommendation Agent
SAGER equips LLM recommendation agents with per-user evolving policy skills via two-representation architecture, contrastive CoT diagnosis, and skill-augmented listwise reasoning, yielding SOTA gains orthogonal to memory accumulation.
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IE as Cache: Information Extraction Enhanced Agentic Reasoning
IE-as-Cache framework repurposes information extraction as a dynamic cognitive cache to improve agentic reasoning accuracy in LLMs on challenging benchmarks.
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EMBER: Autonomous Cognitive Behaviour from Learned Spiking Neural Network Dynamics in a Hybrid LLM Architecture
A hybrid SNN-LLM system uses learned spiking dynamics and lateral STDP propagation to trigger LLM actions without external prompts, producing the first autonomous action after 7 exchanges from a clean start.
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When to Forget: A Memory Governance Primitive
Memory Worth converges almost surely to the conditional probability of task success given memory retrieval and correlates at rho=0.89 with ground-truth utility in controlled experiments.
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ClawVM: Harness-Managed Virtual Memory for Stateful Tool-Using LLM Agents
ClawVM introduces a harness-managed virtual memory system for LLM agents that ensures deterministic residency and durability of state under token budgets by using typed pages and validated writeback.
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Springdrift: An Auditable Persistent Runtime for LLM Agents with Case-Based Memory, Normative Safety, and Ambient Self-Perception
Springdrift provides an auditable persistent runtime for long-lived LLM agents with case-based memory, normative safety gating, and ambient self-perception, shown in a 23-day single-instance deployment where the agent self-diagnosed bugs and maintained cross-channel context.
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SuperLocalMemory V3.3: The Living Brain -- Biologically-Inspired Forgetting, Cognitive Quantization, and Multi-Channel Retrieval for Zero-LLM Agent Memory Systems
SuperLocalMemory V3.3 implements a cognitive memory taxonomy with mathematical forgetting and multi-channel retrieval, reaching 70.4% on LoCoMo in zero-LLM mode.
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MatClaw: An Autonomous Code-First LLM Agent for End-to-End Materials Exploration
MatClaw shows a code-first LLM agent autonomously generating and executing workflows for ML force field training, Curie temperature prediction, and parameter search on CuInP2S6, succeeding on code but requiring interventions for tacit domain knowledge.
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WMF-AM: Probing LLM Working Memory via Depth-Parameterized Cumulative State Tracking
WMF-AM is a depth-parameterized benchmark that measures LLMs' cumulative state tracking ability without scratchpads, validated on 28 models across arithmetic and non-arithmetic tasks with ablations confirming the construct.
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CLAG: Adaptive Memory Organization via Agent-Driven Clustering for Small Language Model Agents
CLAG organizes agent memory into clusters via an SLM router and uses cluster profiles for two-stage retrieval, yielding better answer quality on QA benchmarks than prior memory systems.
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Semantic Level of Detail for Knowledge Graphs: Discovering Abstraction Boundaries via Spectral Heat Diffusion
SLoD detects emergent scale boundaries in knowledge graphs by applying spectral heat diffusion to Poincare embeddings, recovering planted hierarchies in synthetic data and aligning with taxonomic depths in WordNet without resolution-parameter tuning.
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E-mem: Multi-agent based Episodic Context Reconstruction for LLM Agent Memory
E-mem uses a heterogeneous multi-agent setup for episodic context reconstruction in LLM agents, reaching over 54% F1 on LoCoMo while cutting token cost by over 70% compared to prior methods like GAM.
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$How^{2}$: How to learn from procedural How-to questions
$How^{2}$ is a memory agent framework enabling agents to ask, store, and reuse answers to how-to questions at varying abstraction levels for better lifelong planning in environments like Plancraft.
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MIRIX: Multi-Agent Memory System for LLM-Based Agents
MIRIX introduces a modular multi-agent architecture with Core, Episodic, Semantic, Procedural, Resource, and Knowledge Vault memories that outperforms RAG baselines by 35% on ScreenshotVQA and reaches 85.4% on LOCOMO.