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Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization

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abstract

We introduce Adam, an algorithm for first-order gradient-based optimization of stochastic objective functions, based on adaptive estimates of lower-order moments. The method is straightforward to implement, is computationally efficient, has little memory requirements, is invariant to diagonal rescaling of the gradients, and is well suited for problems that are large in terms of data and/or parameters. The method is also appropriate for non-stationary objectives and problems with very noisy and/or sparse gradients. The hyper-parameters have intuitive interpretations and typically require little tuning. Some connections to related algorithms, on which Adam was inspired, are discussed. We also analyze the theoretical convergence properties of the algorithm and provide a regret bound on the convergence rate that is comparable to the best known results under the online convex optimization framework. Empirical results demonstrate that Adam works well in practice and compares favorably to other stochastic optimization methods. Finally, we discuss AdaMax, a variant of Adam based on the infinity norm.

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  • abstract We introduce Adam, an algorithm for first-order gradient-based optimization of stochastic objective functions, based on adaptive estimates of lower-order moments. The method is straightforward to implement, is computationally efficient, has little memory requirements, is invariant to diagonal rescaling of the gradients, and is well suited for problems that are large in terms of data and/or parameters. The method is also appropriate for non-stationary objectives and problems with very noisy and/or sparse gradients. The hyper-parameters have intuitive interpretations and typically require little

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ENSEMBITS: an alphabet of protein conformational ensembles

cs.LG · 2026-05-13 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0

Ensembits creates a discrete vocabulary for protein conformational ensembles that outperforms static tokenizers on dynamics prediction tasks and enables ensemble token prediction from single structures via distillation.

Online Learning-to-Defer with Varying Experts

stat.ML · 2026-05-12 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0

Presents the first online learning-to-defer algorithm with regret bounds O((n + n_e) T^{2/3}) generally and O((n + n_e) sqrt(T)) under low noise for multiclass classification with varying experts.

SLayerGen: a Crystal Generative Model for all Space and Layer Groups

cond-mat.mtrl-sci · 2026-05-07 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0

SLayerGen generates crystals invariant to any space or layer group via autoregressive lattice and Wyckoff sampling plus equivariant diffusion, achieving gains over bulk models on diperiodic materials after correcting a prior loss inconsistency for hexagonal groups.

3DSS: 3D Surface Splatting for Inverse Rendering

cs.GR · 2026-05-07 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0 · 3 refs

3DSS is the first differentiable surface splatting renderer that recovers shape, spatially-varying BRDF materials, and HDR illumination from multi-view images via a coverage-based compositing model derived from reconstruction kernels.

Characterizing the Expressivity of Local Attention in Transformers

cs.CL · 2026-05-01 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0

Local attention strictly enlarges the class of regular languages recognizable by fixed-precision transformers by adding a second past operator in linear temporal logic, with global and local attention being expressively complementary.

MMGait: Towards Multi-Modal Gait Recognition

cs.CV · 2026-04-17 · conditional · novelty 8.0

MMGait provides a new multi-sensor gait dataset and OmniGait baseline to support single-modal, cross-modal, and unified multi-modal person identification from walking patterns.

CMCC-ReID: Cross-Modality Clothing-Change Person Re-Identification

cs.CV · 2026-04-03 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0

The paper introduces the CMCC-ReID task, constructs the SYSU-CMCC benchmark dataset, and proposes the PIA network with disentangling and prototype modules that outperforms prior methods on combined modality and clothing variations.

Offline Reinforcement Learning with Implicit Q-Learning

cs.LG · 2021-10-12 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0

IQL achieves policy improvement in offline RL by implicitly estimating optimal action values through state-conditional upper expectiles of value functions, without querying Q-functions on out-of-distribution actions.

Passage Re-ranking with BERT

cs.IR · 2019-01-13 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0

Fine-tuning BERT for query-passage relevance classification achieves state-of-the-art results on TREC-CAR and MS MARCO, with a 27% relative gain in MRR@10 over prior methods.

Density estimation using Real NVP

cs.LG · 2016-05-27 · accept · novelty 8.0

Real NVP uses affine coupling layers to create invertible transformations that support exact density estimation, sampling, and latent inference without approximations.

Adaptive Computation Time for Recurrent Neural Networks

cs.NE · 2016-03-29 · accept · novelty 8.0

ACT lets RNNs dynamically adapt computation depth per input via a differentiable halting unit, yielding large gains on synthetic tasks and structural insights on language data.

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