HodgeCover isolates the harmonic kernel of a simplicial Laplacian on an expert 2-complex to identify irreducible merge cycles and selects experts for aggressive compression, matching or exceeding baselines on open-weight MoE models.
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Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer
Canonical reference. 75% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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abstract
The capacity of a neural network to absorb information is limited by its number of parameters. Conditional computation, where parts of the network are active on a per-example basis, has been proposed in theory as a way of dramatically increasing model capacity without a proportional increase in computation. In practice, however, there are significant algorithmic and performance challenges. In this work, we address these challenges and finally realize the promise of conditional computation, achieving greater than 1000x improvements in model capacity with only minor losses in computational efficiency on modern GPU clusters. We introduce a Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts layer (MoE), consisting of up to thousands of feed-forward sub-networks. A trainable gating network determines a sparse combination of these experts to use for each example. We apply the MoE to the tasks of language modeling and machine translation, where model capacity is critical for absorbing the vast quantities of knowledge available in the training corpora. We present model architectures in which a MoE with up to 137 billion parameters is applied convolutionally between stacked LSTM layers. On large language modeling and machine translation benchmarks, these models achieve significantly better results than state-of-the-art at lower computational cost.
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- abstract The capacity of a neural network to absorb information is limited by its number of parameters. Conditional computation, where parts of the network are active on a per-example basis, has been proposed in theory as a way of dramatically increasing model capacity without a proportional increase in computation. In practice, however, there are significant algorithmic and performance challenges. In this work, we address these challenges and finally realize the promise of conditional computation, achieving greater than 1000x improvements in model capacity with only minor losses in computational effic
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representative citing papers
Sieve dynamically schedules MoE experts across GPU and PIM hardware to handle bimodal token distributions, achieving 1.3x to 1.6x gains in throughput and interactivity over static prior PIM systems on three large models.
ArgBench unifies 33 existing datasets into a standardized benchmark for testing LLMs across 46 argumentation tasks and analyzes the impact of prompting techniques and model factors on performance.
GPT-3 shows that scaling an autoregressive language model to 175 billion parameters enables strong few-shot performance across diverse NLP tasks via in-context prompting without fine-tuning.
ArchSIBench is a new benchmark dataset and evaluation suite that measures vision-language models on architectural spatial intelligence across 17 subtasks, showing most models lag human baselines especially in transformation and configuration.
Expert specialization in vision MoE models is dominated by a stable animate-inanimate distinction visible from gating to readout, with broader tuning to continuous visual and semantic dimensions rather than narrow categorical preferences.
Residual Paving decomposes selective refusal editing into an early-layer router for intervention decisions and later-layer residual experts for edits, with oracle routing showing that learned route selectivity is the primary bottleneck across six backbones.
DCDM replaces positional blocks with learnable semantic chunks via differentiable Chunking Attention, yielding consistent gains over block and unstructured diffusion baselines up to 1.5B parameters.
MuteBench evaluates multimodal fusion robustness to modality missing and within-modality missing on 125000 samples from 9 clinical datasets, finding architecture family predicts tolerance better than parameter count.
PRISM-VQ integrates vector-quantized latent factors with financial priors and a structure-conditioned mixture-of-experts to deliver improved cross-sectional stock return predictions and portfolio performance on CSI 300 and S&P 500.
Routers in SMoE models form geometric alignments with their experts through shared gradient directions, enabling effective specialization that auxiliary load-balancing losses tend to disrupt.
EEP makes wide expert-parallel MoE serving survive single-rank failures with an 11s recovery pause, 8s reintegration pause, and throughput restored to 95% of pre-fault level within 52s while staying within 4.4% of a fixed-membership baseline in steady state.
SDG-MoE introduces learned signed interaction graphs and disagreement-gated deliberation among experts in MoE architectures, yielding 19.8% better validation perplexity than the strongest baseline.
DTSemNet gives an exact, invertible neural-network encoding of hard oblique decision trees that supports direct gradient training for both classification and regression without probabilistic softening or quantized estimators.
MISA routes to a small subset of indexer heads via block statistics, matching full DSA performance on LongBench with 4-8x fewer heads and 3.82x speedup while recovering over 92% of selected tokens.
StrLoRA is a regularized two-stage expert routing method for streaming CVIT that selects experts via textual instructions and applies token-wise cross-modal weighting with historical routing alignment.
SplatWeaver uses cardinality Gaussian experts and pixel-level routing to dynamically allocate varying numbers of Gaussian primitives for generalizable novel view synthesis.
Standard top-k routers in MoE language models often select suboptimal routes for difficult tokens, and updating only the final router layer raises pass@K on AIME and HMMT benchmarks across multiple models.
MoE experts in pretrained Transformers exhibit functional decorrelation with near-zero Jacobian alignment yet occupy partially overlapping representation subspaces, with routing sparsity modulating the geometry.
TENNOR enables efficient private training of wide neural networks in TEEs by recasting sparsification as doubly oblivious LSH retrievals and introducing MP-WTA to cut hash table memory by 50x while preserving accuracy.
CEA assembles per-token low-rank residual updates via dense affinities over hyper-adapter-generated components to improve all-in-one image restoration on spatially non-uniform degradations.
A buffer-free MoE dispatch and combine method on Ascend hardware with pooled HBM cuts intermediate relay overhead via direct expert window access.
Misrouter enables input-only attacks on MoE LLMs by optimizing queries on open-source surrogates to route toward weakly aligned experts and transferring them to public APIs.
MoE-Prefill achieves 1.35-1.59x higher throughput for prefill-only MoE serving by using asynchronous expert parallelism to overlap weight AllGather with computation and prefix-aware routing with true-FLOPs tracking.
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SMoES: Soft Modality-Guided Expert Specialization in MoE-VLMs
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Conditional Imputation for Within-Modality Missingness in Multi-Modal Federated Learning
CondI applies conditional diffusion models in a two-phase federated pipeline to impute within-modality missing data, then trains extractors on the completed inputs for downstream tasks on clinical datasets.
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Mixture of Heterogeneous Grouped Experts for Language Modeling
MoHGE achieves standard MoE performance with 20% fewer parameters and balanced GPU utilization via grouped heterogeneous experts, two-level routing, and specialized auxiliary losses.
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Beyond N-gram: Data-Aware X-GRAM Extraction for Efficient Embedding Parameter Scaling
X-GRAM applies data-aware dynamic token injection with hybrid hashing and local feature extraction to achieve up to 4.4 accuracy point gains over vanilla backbones and 3.2 over retrieval baselines at 0.73B-1.15B scales using 50% smaller tables.
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Temporally Extended Mixture-of-Experts Models
Temporally extended MoE layers using the option-critic framework with deliberation costs cut switching rates below 5% while retaining most capability on MATH, MMLU, and MMMLU.
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Unified Multi-Foundation-Model Slide Representation for Pan-Cancer Recognition and Text-Guided Tumor Localization
ASTRA unifies heterogeneous pathology foundation-model representations for pan-cancer classification and weakly supervised tumor localization using only slide-level structured annotations.
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Understanding the Mechanism of Altruism in Large Language Models
A small set of sparse autoencoder features in LLMs drives shifts between generous and selfish allocations in dictator games, with causal patching and steering confirming their role and generalization to other social games.
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AlignCultura: Towards Culturally Aligned Large Language Models?
Align-Cultura introduces the CULTURAX dataset and shows that culturally fine-tuned LLMs improve joint HHH scores by 4-6%, cut cultural failures by 18%, and gain 10-12% efficiency with minimal leakage.
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Efficient Mixture-of-Experts LLM Inference with Apple Silicon NPUs
NPUMoE accelerates MoE LLM inference on Apple Silicon NPUs via offline-calibrated static expert tiers, grouped execution, and load-aware graph residency, delivering 1.32x-5.55x lower latency and 1.81x-7.37x better energy efficiency.
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Application of a Mixture of Experts-based Foundation Model to the GlueX DIRC Detector
A single MoE-based foundation model with transformer backbone unifies simulation, PID, and noise filtering for the GlueX DIRC detector and matches or exceeds traditional geometrical and prior deep-learning methods across kinematics.
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MOMENTA: Mixture-of-Experts Over Multimodal Embeddings with Neural Temporal Aggregation for Misinformation Detection
MOMENTA is a unified multimodal architecture using modality-specific experts, bidirectional co-attention, discrepancy detection, temporal drift-momentum aggregation, and domain-adversarial training that reports strong consistent performance on Fakeddit, MMCoVaR, Weibo, and XFacta.
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Geometric Routing Enables Causal Expert Control in Mixture of Experts
Cosine-similarity routing in low-dimensional space makes MoE experts monosemantic by construction and enables direct causal control via centroid interventions.
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LoGo-MR: Screening Breast MRI for Cancer Risk Prediction by Efficient Omni-Slice Modeling
LoGo-MR uses neighbor-slice encoding and transformer-based multiple instance learning in three anatomical planes to predict 1-5 year breast cancer risk from MRI, achieving AUCs of 0.69-0.77 on a 7,500-patient cohort while providing interpretable risk maps.
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Adapting 2D Multi-Modal Large Language Model for 3D CT Image Analysis
Transferring a 2D MLLM to 3D CT inputs via parameter reuse, a Text-Guided Hierarchical MoE framework, and two-stage training yields better performance than prior 3D medical MLLMs on medical report generation and visual question answering.
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MoRI: Mixture of RL and IL Experts for Long-Horizon Manipulation Tasks
MoRI dynamically mixes RL and IL experts with variance-based switching and IL regularization to reach 97.5% success in four real-world robotic tasks while cutting human intervention by 85.8%.
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Symbiotic-MoE: Unlocking the Synergy between Generation and Understanding
Symbiotic-MoE introduces modality-aware expert disentanglement and progressive training in a multimodal MoE to achieve synergistic generation and understanding without task interference or extra parameters.
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VersaVogue: Visual Expert Orchestration and Preference Alignment for Unified Fashion Synthesis
VersaVogue unifies garment generation and virtual dressing via trait-routing attention with mixture-of-experts and an automated multi-perspective preference optimization pipeline that uses DPO without human labels.
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Leveraging Artist Catalogs for Cold-Start Music Recommendation
ACARec attends over artist catalogs to generate CF embeddings for new tracks, more than doubling recall and NDCG versus content-only baselines in music recommendation.
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FluxMoE: Decoupling Expert Residency for High-Performance MoE Serving
FluxMoE decouples MoE expert weights from persistent GPU residency via on-demand paging, achieving up to 3x throughput gains over vLLM in memory-constrained inference without accuracy loss.
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Moondream Segmentation: From Words to Masks
Moondream Segmentation achieves 80.2% cIoU on RefCOCO by autoregressively decoding paths from referring expressions and using RL to refine masks, plus releases a cleaned RefCOCO-M dataset.
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M$^2$RNN: Non-Linear RNNs with Matrix-Valued States for Scalable Language Modeling
M²RNN achieves perfect state tracking at unseen lengths and outperforms Gated DeltaNet hybrids by 0.4-0.5 perplexity on 7B models with 3x smaller recurrent states.
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LPC-SM: Local Predictive Coding and Sparse Memory for Long-Context Language Modeling
LPC-SM is a hybrid architecture separating local attention, persistent memory, predictive correction, and control with ONT for memory writes, showing loss reductions on 158M-parameter models up to 4096-token contexts.
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Sparsity is Combinatorial Depth: Quantifying MoE Expressivity via Tropical Geometry
MoE Top-k routing equals the k-th elementary symmetric tropical polynomial, making sparsity combinatorial depth that scales capacity by binom(N,k) and gives MoE combinatorial resilience on manifolds.
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Toward Reliable Sim-to-Real Predictability for MoE-based Robust Quadrupedal Locomotion
MoE-based locomotion policy with RoboGauge metrics achieves reliable sim-to-real transfer, enabling robust quadrupedal walking on challenging unseen terrains up to 4 m/s.
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L2R: Low-Rank and Lipschitz-Controlled Routing for Mixture-of-Experts
L2R improves MoE performance by routing in a low-rank space with Lipschitz-controlled saturated inner-product scoring and multi-anchor mechanisms.
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mHC: Manifold-Constrained Hyper-Connections
mHC projects hyper-connection residual spaces onto a manifold to restore identity mapping, enabling stable large-scale training with performance gains over standard HC.
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Flexible Multitask Learning with Factorized Diffusion Policy
A factorized modular diffusion policy improves fitting of multimodal robot actions and enables flexible task adaptation without catastrophic forgetting.
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Continually Evolving Skill Knowledge in Vision Language Action Model
Stellar VLA achieves continual learning in VLA models by maintaining a growing knowledge space and routing tasks to specialized experts conditioned on semantic relations, delivering strong LIBERO benchmark results with only 1% data replay and successful real-world transfer on dual-arm hardware.
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Routing-Based Continual Learning for Multimodal Large Language Models
Routing architecture for MLLMs enables continual learning with constant compute, matching multi-task learning performance and supporting cross-modal transfer.
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Scaling Laws Meet Model Architecture: Toward Inference-Efficient LLMs
A conditional scaling law fitted on over 200 models from 80M to 3B parameters identifies architectures that deliver up to 2.1% higher accuracy and 42% higher inference throughput than LLaMA-3.2 under the same training budget.
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Dr.LLM: Dynamic Layer Routing in LLMs
Dr. LLM retrofits frozen LLMs with MCTS-supervised per-layer routers for skip/execute/repeat decisions, delivering up to +3.4% accuracy and 5-layer savings on reasoning tasks with strong out-of-domain generalization.
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Red-Bandit: Test-Time Adaptation for LLM Red-Teaming via Bandit-Guided LoRA Experts
Red-Bandit adapts online to LLM failure modes by dynamically selecting among RL-trained LoRA attack-style experts via a bandit policy, reporting SOTA ASR@10 on AdvBench with lower-perplexity prompts.
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GRACE-MoE: Grouping and Replication with Locality-Aware Routing for Efficient Distributed MoE Inference
GRACE-MoE integrates expert grouping, dynamic replication, and locality-aware routing with hierarchical sparse communication to reduce end-to-end latency in distributed SMoE inference.
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A Greedy PDE Router for Blending Neural Operators and Classical Methods
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ShinkaEvolve: Towards Open-Ended And Sample-Efficient Program Evolution
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LoRA-Mixer: Coordinate Modular LoRA Experts Through Serial Attention Routing
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Mixture-of-Experts Can Surpass Dense LLMs Under Strictly Equal Resource
MoE models with activation rates in an optimal region outperform dense LLMs of identical total parameter count, training compute, and data budget, with the optimal region consistent across scales.
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SwitchCodec: A High-Fidelity Nerual Audio Codec With Sparse Quantization
SwitchCodec introduces Residual Experts Vector Quantization and a multi-tiered STFT discriminator to achieve PESQ 2.87 and ViSQOL 4.27 at 2.67 kbps while halving training time via post-training.
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Capacity-Aware Inference: Mitigating the Straggler Effect in Mixture of Experts
Capacity-aware dropping techniques mitigate load imbalance in MoE inference, delivering up to 1.85x speedup with 0.2% or less performance change on models including Mixtral-8x7B.
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MoBA: Mixture of Block Attention for Long-Context LLMs
MoBA routes attention over blocks via MoE-style gating to enable dynamic, bias-light long-context attention that matches full attention performance at lower cost.
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Condense, Don't Just Prune: Enhancing Efficiency and Performance in MoE Layer Pruning
CD-MoE condenses fine-grained MoE layers with shared experts into dense layers, retaining 90% accuracy with 27.5% memory cut and 1.26x speedup on DeepSeekMoE-16B, recovering 98% via brief fine-tuning.
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Mixture-of-Transformers: A Sparse and Scalable Architecture for Multi-Modal Foundation Models
MoT decouples non-embedding parameters by modality in transformers to match dense multi-modal performance with roughly one-third to one-half the FLOPs.
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$\pi_0$: A Vision-Language-Action Flow Model for General Robot Control
π₀ is a vision-language-action flow model trained on diverse multi-platform robot data that supports zero-shot task performance, language instruction following, and efficient fine-tuning for dexterous tasks.
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When Attention Sink Emerges in Language Models: An Empirical View
Attention sinks emerge in language models from softmax-induced token dependence on attention scores and do not appear when using sigmoid attention without normalization in models up to 1B parameters.
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Mixture-of-Agents Enhances Large Language Model Capabilities
A layered Mixture-of-Agents system combining multiple LLMs achieves state-of-the-art results on AlpacaEval 2.0 (65.1%), MT-Bench, and FLASK, outperforming GPT-4 Omni.
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Capabilities of Gemini Models in Medicine
Med-Gemini sets new records on 10 of 14 medical benchmarks including 91.1% on MedQA-USMLE, beats GPT-4V by 44.5% on multimodal tasks, and surpasses humans on medical text summarization.
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Mixture-of-Depths: Dynamically allocating compute in transformer-based language models
Mixture-of-Depths enables transformers to dynamically allocate compute by routing only the top-k tokens through each layer's full computations, matching baseline performance with a fraction of the FLOPs per forward pass and up to 50% faster sampling.
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MoE-LLaVA: Mixture of Experts for Large Vision-Language Models
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Self-Play Fine-Tuning Converts Weak Language Models to Strong Language Models
SPIN lets weak LLMs become strong by self-generating training data from previous model versions and training to prefer human-annotated responses over its own outputs, outperforming DPO even with extra GPT-4 data on benchmarks.